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Global Stock Markets Impacted by Trade War

stock

Global Stock Markets Impacted by Trade War

Understanding the finer points of the stock market and the how and why of its ups and downs is a complex task for anyone. When major shifts in a whole diaspora of fields occur, people often look to the stock market as a gauge for how significant those shifts really are and what the potential results are going to come out as. World news is often reported as to how it has an impact on the world of finance, and this is certainly one such instance, as President Trump trades tariff blows with China in a rapidly escalating trade war. The impact of this trade war certainly didn’t avoid the stock market, which took notice of the shifting costs of exports and imports and created a noticeable response. Let’s take a look at what’s really going on in this recent episode in the global economy.

Trump VS China

The US President’s attitude towards foreign nations is an eternally shifting spectrum, though it does tend to rest somewhere towards antagonistic for the sake of sending a message. Trump’s ‘show of force’ tactics recently got him into a situation with China on a trade front, causing a situation that has impacted all of the global markets, and heavily impacted the American and Chinese markets. “Trump has a latent tension towards China that simply won’t abate, no matter how few tangible issues there are in reality. This drove him most recently to impose some pretty severe tariffs on Chinese goods,” reports Samuel Chang, data analyst at WriteMyx and BritStudent.

US Tariff

The United States began a 15 percent tariff on hundreds of billions of dollars of Chinese goods for import, from tech to clothing. Trump’s explanation for his move relates again to his suspicion of all of the largest global powers, from Russia to China. He spoke out, via his favorite medium Twitter, about the US over-reliance on Chinese exports, and that his tariff was a motivator for US companies to look for alternative solutions for suppliers outside of China, rather than simply turning to some nation over and over again to supply the products they needed.

Trump’s Reasoning

Trump’s steps to disincentivize US trade with China could be viewed as impulsive, since the immediate effects of so drastic a tariff will likely fall on the US consumer, with US household costs potentially rising by up to $1000 a year, with such a large selection of consumer goods now made noticeably more expensive. Similarly, Trump’s plan, though it must have considered the possibility of consequences, didn’t allow for a reaction in the opposite direction as the Chinese trade officials lashed back at the tariff.

The Chinese Response

Not ones to be out-maneuvered, least of all by Trump, the Chinese responded to the tariffs with sanctions of their own that were as much a political response as a practical one, as they delivered a counter punch to Trump’s initial move. China immediately imposed additional tariffs on exported goods on a $75-billion target list, and further tariffs were placed on thousands of items originating from the US. Similarly, China was quick to begin imposing new duties on US crude oil, a predictable but damaging move that has made the potential fallout and impact on global stock markets more noticeable.

The Trade War Fallout

“Such actions from nations as influential as the US and China don’t come without an impact that affects people from all around the world. In this instance, a variety of shifts have left most markets a little worse for wear, but most drastic damage has been avoided”, explains Mark Cherry, a business writer at Australia2Write and NextCoursework. The fallout included the US stock futures dipping 0.7% and the Asian markets are down. A noticeable drop in oil prices was also recorded, as would have been expected after the duties imposed on US crude by the Chinese.

Conclusion

This is the latest in a series of jabs between the US and China, though there is no sense in which these sorts of interactions have all that much of a practical purpose. Though this particular episode abated pretty swiftly, the threat of further escalations has made the market quite jittery.

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Mildred Delgado is a young and responsible marketing strategist at PhdKingdom and AcademicBrits. She works with a company’s marketing team in order to create a fully-functional site that accurately portrays the company. Mildred is also responsible for presenting these details to stakeholders in a series of marketing proposals. You can find her work at OriginWritings.

laboratory

Germany Dominates the EU Market for Composite Diagnostic and Laboratory Reagents

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘EU – Composite Diagnostic Or Laboratory Reagents – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

In 2018, the market value for composite laboratory reagents in the European Union totaled $9.4B. Over the period under review, composite laboratory reagents consumption, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2011 with an increase of 14% year-to-year. Over the period under review, the composite laboratory reagents market reached its peak figure level at $12.2B in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2018, consumption stood at a somewhat lower figure.

Consumption by Country

The largest composite laboratory reagents markets in the European Union were Germany ($2.8B), the UK ($1.7B) and Italy ($1.1B), together comprising 60% of the total market. The Netherlands, Spain, Hungary, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, Portugal, Greece and Poland lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 31%.

Exports in the EU

In value terms, composite laboratory reagents exports totaled $15.7B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total export value increased at an average annual rate of +4.5% from 2009 to 2018; the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded over the period under review.

Exports by Country

Germany ($4.7B), the UK ($2.5B) and the Netherlands ($2.3B) appeared to be the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, with a combined 61% share of total exports. These countries were followed by Ireland, France, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Poland, Austria and Hungary, which together accounted for a further 33%.

In terms of the main exporting countries, Poland recorded the highest growth rate of the value of exports, over the period under review, while exports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Imports in the EU

EU’s composite laboratory reagents imports totaled $12.5B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total import value increased at an average annual rate of +2.5% over the period from 2009 to 2018.

Imports by Country

In value terms, the largest composite laboratory reagents importing markets in the European Union were Germany ($3B), the Netherlands ($1.7B) and France ($1.5B), with a combined 49% share of total imports.

The Netherlands recorded the highest growth rate of the value of imports, among the main importing countries over the period under review, while imports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

international shipping

How to Save Time and Money With Your International Shipping

Whether you are just dipping your toes into international shipping, or you are a veteran who wants to update the firm’s processes, there is always more you can do to make your shipping practices more streamlined and efficient. After all, if you are going to compete with local players, then you need to be offering the best deal possible on international shipping. How you can do that is going to be unique to your firm, but some general practices can help.

From managing customer’s expectations of speed to optimizing your packaging, investing in cargo insurance to getting help when you need it, read on to learn how to save time and money with this guide to international shipping.

1. Balance your need for speed.

Generally, the quicker you want your shipments to be delivered, the more expensive the shipping is going to be. Therefore, it is essential that you balance your need for speed with your budget and your customer’s expectations. Customers expect reliable delivery times, not necessarily the fastest possible time, and in many cases, they are happy to wait a couple of days to bring costs down.

Therefore, your best strategy is to provide them with a variety of delivery options to choose from. That way, they can decide how much they are willing to pay and how long they can wait for their goods. Keep in mind that for most companies, the goal is to limit the number of individual shipments and instead maximize the amount of cargo shipped. This generally brings about the most efficient results.

When organizing international shipping for your customers, it is essential that you make their experience as pleasant as possible. One of the best ways to do this is by providing them with accurate shipping information that keeps their expectations in check.

2. Optimize your packaging.

One of the most overlooked ways to reduce international shipping costs is to optimize your packaging. The ideal packaging keeps your products safe and secure while also reducing shipping weight and box size so as not to receive additional charges. In order to find the optimal packaging for your goods, you need to take different factors into consideration, including a product’s height, weight, and volume.

From there, look for boxes that fit your product while leaving minimal wasted space. Additionally, choose lightweight packaging materials that still protect your items. Depending on what you are shipping, you may want to consider utilizing standard sized packaging that is provided by your freight provider, as this will remove your firm’s requirement to source custom box sizes.

When planning your packaging strategy, it is vital to think dimensionally, which means knowing the length, width, and depth, which together comprise the dimensional weight of your goods. If you are shipping in bulk, keep in mind that you want your packages to be shaped so that they can be expertly arranged to fit into the smallest size carton.

3. Invest in cargo insurance.

Just as you have insurance for your home, car, and health, it is also essential that you have coverage for your cargo. Unfortunately, it only takes one international shipping incident for your firm to feel adverse effects, which is why cargo insurance is so important. By getting this insurance, you will be covered for damaged goods, cargo theft or loss in transit, and any other unforeseen events that affect your products.

While many carriers and freight forwarders offer liability insurance, this is generally limited to a specific monetary amount and has many exclusions. Therefore, you don’t want to solely rely on this liability insurance because it usually is not enough to cover the costs of severe loss or damage. On the other hand, cargo insurance will render you a more comprehensive level of protection, ensuring you can recover the full value of lost, damaged, or stolen goods.

Having cargo insurance is highly recommended because it provides you with greater peace of mind which, in the long run, makes for a more efficient and streamlined international shipping process. The last thing you want is to be worried about your firm going under because something happens to a shipment that is out of your control. Do your company a favor and invest in cargo insurance.

4. Get help when you need it.

No matter what size your company is, what products you are shipping, or whether you are moving individual parcels or sizable cargo, there is no need to do it all on your own. After all, there are experts in these fields who have the knowledge and experience to help you reduce your costs and the number of resources you have to spend on shipping logistics.

By opting to work with an online freight forwarder, such as Shipa Freight, you are not only setting yourself up for shipping success now but also in the future. From generating an online quote to scheduling your shipments and then tracking them, an online freight forwarder provides you with all the tools you need to make your international shipping processes as streamlined as possible.

For example, as an individual, it can be challenging to locate the ports and other destinations that you need, but a high-quality freight forwarder can find them for you. Additionally, you will be personally guided by a representative throughout the process so that you can be assured that you are choosing the best options for your firm. When working with Shipa Freight, you will always be treated as a partner, not a commodity.

Final Thoughts

When it comes to international shipping, if you want to come out on top, then your firm must incorporate as many cost-saving and time-effective measures as possible. By including these steps into your international shipping strategy, you will be well on your way to having the most efficient shipping process possible.

What do you think are the most effective steps for reducing costs and time related to international shipping? What strategies does your firm use?

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As Chief Product Officer for Shipa Freight, Paul Rehmet is responsible for translating the vision of Shipa Freight into an easy-to-use online freight platform for our customers. Formerly Vice President of Digital Marketing for Agility, Paul managed Agility’s website, mobile apps, content marketing and online advertising campaigns. In his 25-year career, Paul has held various technology leadership positions with early-stage startups and Fortune 500 companies including Unisys, Destiny Web Solutions, and US Airways. Paul has a Masters in Software Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and a Bachelor of Computer Science from Brown University. Paul is based in Philadelphia.  

data

Made Dizzy By COVID-19 Data? Artificial Intelligence Helps Clear Things Up.

As governors begin to make decisions about reopening the economy, Americans are left to wonder whether they should follow their state government’s lead – or make their own decisions about when to return to normal.

One problem for the average person: How to decipher the multitudes of data about COVID-19 and evaluate whether the country or any particular state is – or is not – flattening the curve.

“It’s easy to find tons of data online with charts and graphs, but all those numbers can be overwhelming,” says Sharon Daniels, chief executive officer of Arria (www.arria.com), which specializes in a form of artificial intelligence known as Natural Language Generation (NLG). “You see a line on a graph, but what is it telling you?”

Daniels’ company is among those trying to simplify that complex chore for Americans, using artificial intelligence to transform that raw data into an easy-to-understand narrative. To this end, Arria is involved with two online initiatives – the COVID-19 Live Report and the COVID-19 U.S. Tracking Report – that give Americans access to NLG as they try to grasp all the information coming their way from scientists, government officials, and the media.

Each of these free dashboards allows anyone – from government leaders to journalists to citizens – to review up-to-date COVID-19 data, along with critical insights transformed into writing by Arria’s Natural Language Generation software. The software uses language analytics and computational linguistics to “think” like a writer, pulling the most important information to the top of the narrative, providing critical insights, and giving meaning to the tabulated reports and visualizations.

Just as an example, a resident of Pulaski County, KY, who checked in on April 23 would have learned that in their community the previous day “there were 2 new cases and no deaths reported. During the past 7 days, cases have increased by 7, which means the seven-day rolling average for cases is 1.”

No human wrote those sentences. They were penned automatically by the NLG software.

As Arria and others do their part to help Americans work their way through the sea of information, there is evidence that such assistance is both needed and wanted:

Gallup poll shows lots of confusion about the state of the virus in the U.S., with Americans reaching no consensus on how they think things now stand; 41 percent say the situation is getting better, 39 percent say it is getting worse, and 20 percent say it is staying the same.

A 2017 study of the U.S. public’s understanding of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa found that most people are good at assessing risk when information is communicated accurately and effectively. That study also found that Americans want accurate and honest information, even if that information might worry people.

Knowing the facts is one way people can reduce their stress level during the pandemic, according to the Centers for Disease Control. “When you share accurate information about COVID-19,” the CDC reports, “you can help make people feel less stressed.”

“The sheer flood of data and information we are seeing daily about the pandemic is nearly impossible to process without the help of technology,” Daniels says. “People want information that will help them understand what’s happening, particularly in the areas where they live. But if that information is too confusing and complicated, they are going to remain confused and scared – wondering what to do, how to help, or how to keep their families safe.”

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Sharon Daniels is the chief executive officer of Arria (www.arria.com), which specializes in a form of artificial intelligence known as Natural Language Generation. Daniels’ entrepreneurial career in building and expanding technology startups began in 1984 and has now spanned more than three decades of technology evolution. Her previous experience includes serving as founding executive director of Diligent Corp., a technology company that grew to become a member of the S&P/NZX 50 composite index before being acquired by Insight Venture Partners for $624 million.

eggplant

Asia’s Eggplant Market Keeps Growing, Driven by Strong Demand in China

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘Asia – Eggplants (Aubergine) – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the eggplant market in Asia amounted to $68.4B in 2018, surging by 4.7% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price).

Consumption by Country in Asia

China (34M tonnes) constituted the country with the largest volume of eggplant consumption, accounting for 67% of total volume. Moreover, eggplant consumption in China exceeded the figures recorded by the second-largest consumer, India (13M tonnes), threefold.

From 2013 to 2018, the average annual growth rate of volume in China totaled +3.7%. The remaining consuming countries recorded the following average annual rates of consumption growth: India (-0.9% per year) and Turkey (+0.0% per year).

In value terms, China ($43.4B) led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was occupied by India ($20B).

In China, eggplant per capita consumption increased at an average annual rate of +3.2% over the period from 2013-2018. The remaining consuming countries recorded the following average annual rates of per capita consumption growth: Turkey (-1.5% per year) and India (-2.1% per year).

Production in Asia

In 2018, approx. 51M tonnes of eggplants were produced in Asia; growing by 2.9% against the previous year. The total output volume increased at an average annual rate of +2.0% from 2013 to 2018; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being observed in certain years. The general positive trend in terms of eggplant output was largely conditioned by a moderate increase of the harvested area and a mild expansion in yield figures.

In 2018, approx. 1.7M ha of eggplants were harvested in Asia, while the average yield stood at 29 tonne per ha, growing by 2.4% against the previous year.

Exports in Asia

In 2018, the amount of eggplants (aubergine) exported in Asia stood at 88K tonnes, growing by 26% against the previous year.

In value terms, eggplant exports amounted to $94M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total exports indicated buoyant growth from 2013 to 2018: its value increased at an average annual rate of +1.4% over the last five-year period.

Exports by Country

In 2018, Turkey (23K tonnes), distantly followed by China (15K tonnes), Malaysia (9.5K tonnes), Saudi Arabia (8.1K tonnes), Uzbekistan (8K tonnes), Thailand (5.1K tonnes) and Jordan (4.5K tonnes) were the key exporters of eggplants (aubergine), together constituting 82% of total exports.

From 2013 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by China, while exports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest eggplant supplying countries in Asia were Turkey ($24M), China ($23M) and Malaysia ($5.1M), with a combined 54% share of total exports.

Export Prices by Country

The eggplant export price in Asia stood at $1,067 per tonne in 2018, picking up by 9.1% against the previous year.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major exporting countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was China ($1,510 per tonne), while Saudi Arabia ($352 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2013 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by China, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

reits

Impact of the Coronavirus Crisis in the American REITs

Victor Kuznetsov, Managing Director of Imperial Fund, examines how US real estate investment trusts are weathering the COVID-19 storm.

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have always been, historically, a classic of dividend investment through the Buy & Hold formula, which has allowed both retail, institutional and investment fund investors to have periodic cash flows, which complement their pensions in some cases, and that they increase their profit accounts in others.

In general, the REITs were distributing a dividend that usually ranges from the most “modest” of Realty Income (O) of 1.5-2% per year to that of other mortgage REITs such as Annaly or Agnc, whose dividends they reach 8-9% per year.

Nevertheless, the health crisis is practically causing an economic emergency, in which almost all the REITs are seeing their prices decrease, anticipating the fall of the real estate market and the entry into the technical recession.

At Imperial Fund one of the fundamental aspects in this investment sector, which seeks to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns by exploiting inefficiencies in the residential and commercial real estate lending market, is diversification, which makes it possible to reduce both the beta (risk) of our portfolio, without jeopardizing the return on investment.

General and Sectoral Real Estate REITs

In these historical moments in which the coronavirus crisis is hitting strongly all investment portfolios, including those of institutional investors even though they use hedging instruments, the losses due to the drop in the price of the listing are being high, in view of the prospect of  business downturn and recession across the United States.

Observing the different sectoral types of REITs, and among the most penalized, and which have more possibilities to continue distributing a dividend without decreasing it and recovering in presumably a shorter period, we can distinguish:

Realty Income (O): It is the classic of investment in the field of REITs, it is considered an aristocrat of the dividend, and it distributes a monthly dividend, which in turn allows increasing the utility of compound interest. Its price has decreased from $84.92 to approximately $54, although we should not forget that in the 2008 crisis, its price dropped to $17.

Annaly Capital Management (NLY): It is the mortgage with the largest capitalization in the United States. Its price per share has decreased from $10.50 to $6.70. It is clearly being harmed by the global alarm situation, but that it is another diversified company that allows to systematically cover the risk.

Omega Healthcare Investors (OHI): It is another of the classic and most important REITs in the residential sector for the elderly. Its price has fallen from $45.22 to $17.50. The only explanation from the point of view of the fundamental analysis is that the market is picking up the loss of potential clients in their residence, because it is one of the most punished REITs, although obviously and in the worst case the replacement rate, in both the United States and England is clearly guaranteed.

The current situation should not provoke investors to believe that we are not able to think about the future, a future that, as has happened with previous crises, will always bring something positive, and will reward investors who trust in those companies that have adequate diversification, distribute a sustainable dividend, and are able to adapt to any situation that may arise.

At the present time, we may have entered a general downward curve on the stock market, and the aforementioned share price of REITs will drop further still, but they should be on the investment radar as a possibility in the future not far away.

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Imperial Fund is a mortgage investment fund formed in 2014 and headquartered in Hollywood, FL. Imperial seeks to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns by exploiting inefficiencies in the residential and commercial real estate lending market.

disruption

Navigating Through the Disruption – An Oceania Perspective

Logistics has always been the backbone that silently keeps the world moving but, in this time of uncertainty, its importance has been magnified. COVID-19 has caused disruption globally to all business, in one way or another, and navigating this unprecedented time has highlighted many challenges.

With the evolving landscape, forward planning has become essential to ensure business continuity plans are effective. The need for a recommencement plan for businesses who have temporarily closed and a diversified supply chain for those who operate as essential services is paramount to ensuring business survival for now and success in the future.

What we learned from New Zealand’s Lockdown

The level-4 lockdown of New Zealand has shed some light on the potential challenges that may arise should Australia follow suit.

The Port of Tauranga has announced it is prioritizing the unpacking of essential goods so that the cargo can be handled and transported first. Container loads are able to be delivered to customer’s sites, if the site is accepting deliveries, however, they cannot be unpacked until the level-4 lockdown period has finished. By doing this, the Port and Government are ensuring the movement of essential goods remains efficient and that essential services can continue operations as usual.

Where a customer site is closed, we see the Port of Wellington waive storage fees for shipments that cannot be transported out of the Port.

We are working with our clients to identify if their goods would be considered essential in the event of a complete lockdown. We’d advise that all companies start considering what sort of goods they have incoming and work with their strategic partner to qualify if their goods would be restricted to such delays if a lockdown were in place in Australia.

Be realistic and confirm whether your goods are considered an essential service and put suitable business measures in place.

If you find that your business cannot be considered essential or it is not viable for you to remain open, you’ll need to prepare to get back to production quickly once the lockdown is lifted. We recommend that non-essential businesses put a plan in place for the commencement of reopening. It is important to consider whether the recommencement of operations would be staggered, what goods or orders are required to meet the operation recommencement timeline, and are these urgent.

Diversify your Supply Chain

Sometimes the best solution for a business’s supply chain issue is to consider diversifying your shipment options.

For example, it may be beneficial to combine different transport types by flying goods to Singapore before shipping them to Australia rather than just shipping from their location of origin. Combining the two transport types is a faster and cheaper option than purely using air freight in a volatile market.

Businesses may consider using Less than Container Loads (LCL) if they require certain goods for essential service production because it is more cost-effective than their standard full product shipment in a Full Container Load (FCL).

An alternative to air freight, road, and rail in Australia is the Domestic Coastal Shipping Service. After ships have unloaded goods in Eastern Australia, on their return journey to their location of origin, they are able to pick up and deliver domestic goods as they travel West along the coast. We have seen more than a 20% increase for the quarter year-on-year due to the additional pressure on the Australian road and rail market. Rail is at capacity with customers experiencing damage to goods, severe space, and equipment issues as a result whilst the state border closures are posing potential delays for trucking. Many major clients, especially in the food and beverage sector, are switching large volumes to our coastal service as a solution to ensure continuity of business supply.

This domestic shipping service provides a saving of up to 60% over rail and road services. Businesses would need to take into consideration the increased travel time required over other domestic modes of transport and plan this into their supply chain model.

When new challenges arise, it is best for businesses to discuss their options with their strategic partner, who will help navigate this uncertain time.

As businesses struggle to meet the demands of this new normal, C.H. Robinson’s trusted advisors around the globe are continually looking for the best solutions to keep your supply chain moving.

pears

Global Pears and Quinces Market Rose 2.9% to Reach $26.1B in 2018

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘World – Pear And Quince – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The global pears and quinces market revenue amounted to $26.1B in 2018, increasing by 2.9% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price).

Pear and Quince Consumption by Country

China (16M tonnes) remains the largest pears and quinces consuming country worldwide, accounting for 65% of total volume. Moreover, pears and quinces consumption in China exceeded the figures recorded by the second-largest consumer, the U.S. (677K tonnes), more than tenfold. Turkey (631K tonnes) ranked third in terms of total consumption with a 2.6% share.

In China, pears and quinces consumption increased at an average annual rate of +1.2% over the period from 2009-2018. The remaining consuming countries recorded the following average annual rates of consumption growth: the U.S. (-1.4% per year) and Turkey (+3.6% per year).

In value terms, China ($16.8B) led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was occupied by the U.S. ($819M). It was followed by Italy.

The countries with the highest levels of pears and quinces per capita consumption in 2018 were China (11 kg per person), Italy (10 kg per person) and Turkey (7.73 kg per person).

From 2009 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of pears and quinces per capita consumption, amongst the main consuming countries, was attained by Turkey, while pears and quinces per capita consumption for the other global leaders experienced mixed trends in the per capita consumption figures.

Market Forecast to 2030

Driven by increasing demand for pears and quinces worldwide, the market is expected to continue an upward consumption trend over the next decade. Market performance is forecast to accelerate, expanding with an anticipated CAGR of +1.9% for the period from 2018 to 2030, which is projected to bring the market volume to 30M tonnes by the end of 2030.

Pear and Quince Production 2009-2018

In 2018, the amount of pears and quinces produced worldwide amounted to 24M tonnes, approximately equating the previous year. Overall, pears and quinces production, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2011 when production volume increased by 6.7% year-to-year. The global pears and quinces production peaked at 27M tonnes in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2018, production failed to regain its momentum. The general positive trend in terms of pears and quinces output was largely conditioned by a relatively flat trend pattern of the harvested area and a slight expansion in yield figures.

In 2018, approx. 1.5M ha of pears and quinces were harvested worldwide; stabilizing at the previous year. Global average pears and quinces yield totaled 17 tonne per ha in 2018, approximately equating the previous year.

Pear and Quince Exports 2009-2018

In 2018, the amount of pears and quinces exported worldwide amounted to 2.8M tonnes, leveling off at the previous year. The total export volume increased at an average annual rate of +1.6% from 2009 to 2018. In value terms, pears and quinces exports amounted to $2.8B (IndexBox estimates).

Exports by Country

In 2018, China (539K tonnes), followed by the Netherlands (349K tonnes), Argentina (317K tonnes), Belgium (290K tonnes), South Africa (222K tonnes), Italy (158K tonnes), the U.S. (132K tonnes) and Chile (129K tonnes) were the main exporters of pears and quinces, together generating 77% of total exports. Portugal (111K tonnes), Spain (102K tonnes), Turkey (65K tonnes) and Belarus (51K tonnes) occupied a minor share of total exports.

From 2009 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Belarus, while exports for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest pears and quinces supplying countries worldwide were China ($594M), the Netherlands ($395M) and Argentina ($294M), together accounting for 46% of global exports. These countries were followed by Belgium, Italy, South Africa, the U.S., Chile, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and Belarus, which together accounted for a further 43%.

Among the main exporting countries, Turkey recorded the highest growth rate of the value of exports, over the period under review, while exports for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Export Prices by Country

The average pears and quinces export price stood at $1,003 per tonne in 2018, picking up by 3.9% against the previous year. Over the period under review, the pears and quinces export price continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2013 an increase of 16% y-o-y. In that year, the average export prices for pears and quinces attained their peak level of $1,146 per tonne. From 2014 to 2018, the growth in terms of the average export prices for pears and quinces failed to regain its momentum.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major exporting countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Italy ($1,298 per tonne), while Belarus ($291 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2009 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by China, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

amine compounds

China Remains the Largest Amine Compounds Supplier in Asia-Pacific

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘Asia-Pacific – Amine-Function Compounds – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

Amine Compounds Exports in Asia-Pacific

In 2018, approx. 1.1M tonnes of amine compounds were exported in Asia-Pacific; picking up by 8.6% against the previous year. The total export volume increased at an average annual rate of +5.1% from 2013 to 2018; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2017 when exports increased by 15% y-o-y. Over the period under review, amine-function compounds exports reached their maximum in 2018 and are likely to see steady growth in the immediate term.

In value terms, amine-function compounds exports stood at $3.3B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total export value increased at an average annual rate of +1.8% over the period from 2013 to 2018; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations over the period under review. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2017 when exports increased by 16% y-o-y. Over the period under review, amine-function compounds exports attained their peak figure in 2018 and are expected to retain its growth in the immediate term.

Exports by Country

China was the major exporter of amine compounds exported in Asia-Pacific, with the volume of exports amounting to 785K tonnes, which was approx. 72% of total exports in 2018. It was distantly followed by India (121K tonnes), Japan (81K tonnes) and South Korea (65K tonnes), together making up a 25% share of total exports.

China was also the fastest-growing in terms of the amine-function compounds exports, with a CAGR of +7.8% from 2013 to 2018. At the same time, India (+5.5%) and South Korea (+3.4%) displayed positive paces of growth. By contrast, Japan (-5.6%) illustrated a downward trend over the same period. From 2013 to 2018, the share of China and India increased by +23% and +2.6% percentage points, while Japan (-2.5 p.p.) saw their share reduced. The shares of the other countries remained relatively stable throughout the analyzed period.

In value terms, China ($2.1B) remains the largest amine-function compounds supplier in Asia-Pacific, comprising 64% of total amine-function compounds exports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by India ($521M), with a 16% share of total exports. It was followed by Japan, with a 11% share.

In China, amine-function compounds exports expanded at an average annual rate of +3.3% over the period from 2013-2018. The remaining exporting countries recorded the following average annual rates of exports growth: India (+1.3% per year) and Japan (-2.5% per year).

Export Prices by Country

In 2018, the amine-function compounds export price in Asia-Pacific amounted to $3,029 per tonne, picking up by 2.8% against the previous year. In general, the amine-function compounds export price, however, continues to indicate a significant downturn. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2018 an increase of 2.8% year-to-year. The level of export price peaked at $3,558 per tonne in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2018, export prices failed to regain their momentum.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major exporting countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Japan ($4,386 per tonne), while South Korea ($2,426 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2013 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Japan, while the other leaders experienced a decline in the export price figures.

Amine Compounds Imports in Asia-Pacific

In 2018, the amine compounds imports in Asia-Pacific amounted to 1M tonnes, surging by 11% against the previous year. The total import volume increased at an average annual rate of +3.0% over the period from 2013 to 2018; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations being observed throughout the analyzed period. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2018 with an increase of 11% year-to-year. In that year, amine-function compounds imports attained their peak and are likely to continue its growth in the immediate term.

In value terms, amine-function compounds imports totaled $3.2B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total import value increased at an average annual rate of +2.0% over the period from 2013 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2018 with an increase of 16% against the previous year. In that year, amine-function compounds imports reached their peak and are likely to continue its growth in the immediate term.

Imports by Country

In 2018, India (253K tonnes), distantly followed by Japan (162K tonnes), South Korea (147K tonnes), China (146K tonnes), Taiwan, Chinese (60K tonnes) and Singapore (54K tonnes) represented the largest importers of amine-function compounds, together comprising 82% of total imports. Indonesia (43K tonnes) held a little share of total imports.

From 2013 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by India, while imports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Japan ($651M), India ($612M) and South Korea ($562M) appeared to be the countries with the highest levels of imports in 2018, together accounting for 58% of total imports.

In terms of the main importing countries, India recorded the highest growth rate of the value of imports, over the period under review, while imports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Import Prices by Country

In 2018, the amine-function compounds import price in Asia-Pacific amounted to $3,152 per tonne, rising by 4.4% against the previous year. Overall, the amine-function compounds import price, however, continues to indicate a mild deduction. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2017 an increase of 5.1% against the previous year. The level of import price peaked at $3,315 per tonne in 2013; however, from 2014 to 2018, import prices stood at a somewhat lower figure.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Japan ($4,019 per tonne), while Singapore ($2,129 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2013 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by South Korea, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

PPE

COVID-19 Trade Update: FEMA Implements Export Controls for PPE as CBP Issues Guidance Restrictions

On April 3, 2020, President Trump issued a Presidential Memorandum directing the Department of Homeland Security, through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), to utilize the Defense Production Act to restrict the export of scarce domestic materials being used to respond to the spread of COVID-19, including certain personal protective equipment (PPE).

Effective Tuesday, April 7, FEMA implemented this Order through a Temporary Final Rule (the TFR) that restricts U.S. exports of five specific categories of PPE products that were previously designated by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as “scarce or threatened materials.”

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has since issued its own internal guidance on the TFR that provides further detail on the scope of the restrictions as well as key exclusions for certain U.S. exporters.

The TFR differs from traditional U.S. export control regulations, such as those administered by the U.S. Departments of Commerce and State, in that there is no licensing system in place and FEMA’s determination is not based on the proposed end-use or end-user of the product – rather, FEMA will assess all U.S. exports of designated PPE materials and reallocate those products domestically as required. Because FEMA is not an agency that traditionally administers U.S. export control regulations, it is critical for manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors of PPE products and related medical materials to be aware of the specific articles impacted by the TFR, the scope of the restrictions, the timeline for implementation, consequences for non-compliance, and the potential for expanded product coverage.

PPE Export Restrictions Overview

The TFR providing for PPE export restrictions is effective as of April 7, 2020 for a period of 120 days. The TFR designates five of fifteen categories of materials previously identified as “scarce or threatened materials” by HHS. In particular, the subject restricted PPE materials are the following:

-N-95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators, including devices that are disposable half-face-piece non-powered air-purifying particulate respirators intended for use to cover the nose and mouth of the wearer to help reduce wearer exposure to pathogenic biological airborne particulates;

-Other Filtering Facepiece Respirators (e.g., those designated as N99, N100, R95, R99, R100, or P95, P99, P100), including single-use, disposable half-mask respiratory protective devices that cover the user’s airway (nose and mouth) and offer protection from particulate materials at an N95 filtration efficiency level per 42 CFR 84.181;

-Elastomeric, air-purifying respirators and appropriate particulate filters/cartridges;

-PPE surgical masks, including masks that cover the user’s nose and mouth and provide a physical barrier to fluids and particulate materials; and

-PPE gloves or surgical gloves, including those defined at 21 CFR 880.6250 (exam gloves) and 878.4460 (surgical gloves) and such gloves intended for the same purposes.

Before any shipments of the above-listed PPE materials can be exported from the U.S., CBP will temporarily detain the shipment so that FEMA can determine whether to:

-Prohibit the export and return the shipment for domestic use;

-Utilize the Defense Product Act (DPA) to issue a “rated order” for the materials (a priority contract or order placed in support of a national defense program under the DPA); or

-Allow the export of part or all of the shipment.

In making its determination, FEMA may consider the following factors:

-The need to ensure that scarce or threatened items are appropriately allocated for domestic use;

-Minimization of disruption to the supply chain, both domestically and abroad;

-The circumstances surrounding the distribution of the materials and potential hoarding or price-gouging concerns;

-The quantity and quality of the materials;

-Humanitarian considerations; and

-International relations and diplomatic considerations.

Scope and Exemptions

On April 9, 2020, CBP issued an updated internal guidance memorandum (CBP Internal Guidance) to its field operators to clarify key definitions and general exceptions to the PPE export restrictions provided for in the TFR.

First, CBP highlights that the focus of the TFR is on “commercial quantities” of PPE exports, currently defined as shipments valued at $2,500 or more and containing more than 10,000 units.

The CBP Internal Guidance then lists the following export circumstances that are excluded from the FEMA restrictions:

-Exports to Canada or Mexico;

-Exports to U.S. government entities such as U.S. military bases overseas;

-Exports by U.S. Government agencies;

-Exports by U.S. charities;

-Exports by critical infrastructure industries for the protection of their workers;

-Exports by the 3M Company;

-Express or Mail Parcels that do not meet the “commercial quantity” definition above;

-In-transit shipments.

However, it is important to note that as of April 16, the Internal CBP Guidance on exclusions for the TFR has not been formally published in the Federal Register or elsewhere by CBP, and may be subject to additional revisions in its final form.

Practical Advice and Next Steps

All U.S. manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors of PPE materials or other products designated by HHS as “scarce or threatened” (the relevant HHS guidance can be found here) that are considering exporting their products for sale need to have a comprehensive understanding of the FEMA TFR and applicable export restrictions. Expect additional CBP and/or FEMA guidance in the near future with refined definitions, clarifications as to how the exclusions will be administered, and further details on how product definitions will be determined. It may be the case that additional products identified by HHS as “scarce or threatened” in connection with the fight against the spread of COVID-19 will be added to the list of restricted products for exports, including portable ventilators and certain drug treatment products that contain chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine HCl. Additional export, exporter, or product-based exclusions may be issued in the finalized published FEMA/CBP guidance as well.

In the meantime, U.S. exporters of PPE products can expect delays at CBP ports around the country as FEMA and CBP develop and implement the TFR and related policy guidance. If you have any questions about the TFR, the impact of the TFR on exports of PPE products, or whether a particular product or proposed export is covered by a CBP exclusion, please contact a member of Baker Donelson’s Global Business Team.

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Alan Enslen is a shareholder with Baker Donelson and leads the International Trade and National Security Practice and is a member of the Global Business Team. He can be reached at aenslen@bakerdonelson.com.

Julius Bodie is an associate with Baker Donelson who assists U.S. and foreign companies across multiple industries with international trade regulatory issues. He can be reached at jbodie@bakerdonelson.com.