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American Mobile Phone Imports Accelerate 

mobile phone imports

American Mobile Phone Imports Accelerate 

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘U.S. – Wireless Phones – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights‘. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

In the first seven months of 2021, American mobile phone imports reached $29B, which was +21% higher than the figures of the same period of 2020. The U.S. constitutes the world’s leading importer of mobile phones. Last year, American imports dropped by -9.5% y-o-y to $49.5B. China remains the largest exporter of mobile phones to the U.S., supplying 79% of American imports in value terms. In the first half of 2021, Chinese exports to America grew by +45% to $20.5B compared to $14.1B recorded in the same period of 2020. The average mobile phone import price rose by +3.9% to $273 per unit in 2020.  

American Wireless Phone Imports 

In the first seven months of 2021, the U.S. imported wireless phones worth $29B against $24B in the same period of the last year. America leads in global imports of wireless phones, with a 17%-share of the total volume.

American mobile phone imports saw a significant drop in the previous year, declining from $54.7B in 2019 to $49.5B (IndexBox estimates) in 2020. In physical terms, imports of wireless phones into the U.S. shrank to 181M units, declining by -12.9% against 2019 figures.

In value terms, China ($39.1B) constituted the largest supplier of mobile phone to the U.S., comprising 79% of total imports in 2020. Viet Nam ($8.1B) occupied the second position in the ranking, with a 16% share of total imports. It was followed by South Korea, with a 2.7% share. In the first half of 2021, Chinese wireless phone exports to the U.S. grew to $20.5B against $14.1B recorded in the same period of 2020.

In physical terms, China (134M units) constituted the largest mobile phone supplier to the U.S., with a 74% share of total imports in 2020. Moreover, mobile phone imports from China exceeded the figures recorded by the second-largest supplier, Viet Nam (37M units), fourfold. The third position in this ranking was occupied by India (3.6M units), with a 2% share.

In 2020, the average mobile phone import price amounted to $273 per unit, growing by +3.9% against the previous year. There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major supplying countries. In 2020, the country with the highest price was South Korea ($488 per unit), while the price for India ($127 per unit) was amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by India, while the prices for the other major suppliers experienced mixed trend patterns.

Source: IndexBox Platform 

Polyamide

Germany’s Polyamide Exports to Set New Record This Year

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘Germany – Polyamides (In Primary Forms) – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights‘. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

German polyamide exports may reach a new record in 2021, rebounding after two years of decline. In the first half of this year, Germany exported 424K tonnes of polyamides worth $1.55B against 348K or $1.12B in the same period in 2020. Germany remains the world’s largest polyamide supplier, accounting for 19% of global exports. Italy, Belgium and France are the key importers of polyamides from Germany. Turkey recorded the highest spike in imports from Germany. In 2020, the average polyamide export price amounted to $3,205 per tonne, down by -7.7% y-o-y. 


Germany’s Polyamide Exports by Country 

In the first half of 2021, Germany exported 424K tonnes of polyamides worth $1.55B, which was 22% more in physical terms and 38% more in value terms than the figures of the same period of 2020. Germany leads in global polyamide exports, supplying 19% of the total volume.

In 2020, approx. 713K tonnes of polyamides in primary forms were exported from Germany; declining by -9.3% on the year before. In value terms, polyamide exports contracted dramatically to $2.3B (IndexBox estimates) in 2020. German exports peaked in 2018, reaching $2.98B.

Italy (100K tonnes), Belgium (72K tonnes) and France (45K tonnes) were the main destinations of polyamide exports from Germany, with a combined 30% share of total exports. Poland, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Austria, the U.S., China, Spain, South Korea, Hungary and the UK lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 42%.

In value terms, the largest markets for polyamide exported from Germany were Italy ($243M), Belgium ($224M) and Poland ($148M), with a combined 27% share of total exports. France, the Czech Republic, China, the U.S., Austria, Turkey, Spain, Hungary, the UK and South Korea lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 44%.

Among the main countries of destination, Turkey recorded the highest growth rate of the value of exports, over the period under review, while shipments for the other leaders experienced a decline.

In 2020, the average polyamide export price amounted to $3,205 per tonne, with a decrease of -7.7% against the previous year. Prices varied noticeably by the country of destination; the country with the highest price was China, while the average price for exports to South Korea was amongst the lowest.

Source: IndexBox Platform

sulphur

China’s Sulphur Imports Rebound After Last Year’s Deep Drop

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘China – Sulphur – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights‘. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

China leads in global sulphur imports, with a 28%-share of the total supplies. This year, Chinese sulphur purchases from abroad have shown a sign of recovery after a deep drop last year. In the first four months of 2021, Chinese imports accounted for $455M against $164M in the same period of 2020. Chinese sulphur purchases fell from $1.3B in 2019 to $0.6B in 2020. The United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Iran constitute the largest suppliers to China, with a 49%-share of total import value.

Chinese Sulphur Imports 

China remains the largest sulphur importer worldwide, accounting for 28% of the total supplies. Over the first four months of 2021, Chinese sulphur imports totaled $455M against $164M of the same period of 2019.

In 2020, imports of sulphur into China shrank rapidly to 8.5M tonnes, dropping by -27.2% compared with the year before. In value terms, sulphur imports reduced sharply to $604M (IndexBox estimates) in 2020.

The United Arab Emirates (2M tonnes), South Korea (1.1M tonnes) and Saudi Arabia (962K tonnes) were the main suppliers of sulphur to China in 2020, with a combined 47% share of total imports. Iran, Japan, India, Qatar and Russia lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 38%.

In value terms, the United Arab Emirates ($156M) constituted the largest supplier of sulphur to China, comprising 26% of total imports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Saudi Arabia ($75M), with a 12% share of total imports. It was followed by Iran, with an 11% share.

In 2020, the average annual growth rate of value from the United Arab Emirates amounted to -33.7%. Supplies from Saudi Arabia (-61.1% per year) and Iran (-51.0% per year) also fell tangibly.

In 2020, the average sulphur import price amounted to $71 per tonne, declining by -36.7% against the previous year. Prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest price was Qatar ($82 per tonne), while the price by South Korea ($50 per tonne) was amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by the United Arab Emirates, while the prices for the other major suppliers experienced a decline.

Source: IndexBox Platform

isocyanate

Chinese Isocyanate Exports Skyrocket Due to Booming Demand from Brazil, Russia and Peru

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘China – Isocyanates – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

China strengthens its leadership in global isocyanate exports. In 2020, Chinese supplies abroad grew by +20.4% y-o-y to $716M with rising purchases from Brazil, Russia, Peru, Viet Nam and India. In physical terms, Chinese exports rose by +38% y-o-y to 376K tonnes. Brazil, Viet Nam and Taiwan constitute the largest importers of isocyanates from China. Among the leading importing countries, Brazil featured the highest spike in purchases of Chinese isocyanates, boosting the imports by $45M. The average export price for isocyanates from China decreased by -13% y-o-y to $1,905 per tonne in 2020. 

Chinese Isocyanate Exports by Country

China leads in global isocyanate exports. In 2020, Chinese supplies constituted 19.6% of the total isocyanate volume exported worldwide.

In 2020, exports of isocyanates from China skyrocketed to 376K tonnes, increasing by +38% against the year before. In value terms, isocyanates exports surged by +20.4% y-o-y to $716M (IndexBox estimates) in 2020.

Brazil (46K tonnes), Viet Nam (44K tonnes) and Taiwan (Chinese) (28K tonnes) were the main destinations of isocyanates exports from China, with a combined 31% share of total exports. India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the U.S., Russia, Australia, the Philippines, South Korea, Peru and Singapore lagged somewhat behind, comprising a further 33%.

In value terms, the largest markets for isocyanates exported from China were Brazil ($76M), Viet Nam ($70M) and India ($57M), together comprising 28% of total exports. Taiwan (Chinese), the U.S., South Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Peru, Singapore and Australia lagged somewhat behind, accounting for a further 35%.

In 2020, the increased supplies to Brazil, Russia, Peru, Viet Nam and India provided most of the increment in Chinese exports. Brazilian isocyanate purchases spiked by $45M against the previous year. Russia ramped up its imports by $20M. The supplies to Peru, Viet Nam and India grew by $13M tonnes, $9M and $8M, respectively.

In 2020, the average export price for isocyanates from China amounted to $1,905 per tonne, declining by -13.1% against the previous year. There were significant differences in the average prices for the major export markets. In 2020, the country with the highest price was South Korea ($3,402 per tonne), while the average price for exports to Australia ($1,295 per tonne) was amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable growth rate in terms of prices was recorded for supplies to India, while the prices for the other major destinations experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox Platform

glove

European Surgical Glove Imports Soar Over $1.8B

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘EU – Surgical Gloves – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

In 2020, EU surgical glove imports exceeded $1.8B, reaching the highest level ever recorded. In physical terms, European imports of surgical gloves rose from 20.6B in 2019 to 35B pairs in 2020. Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark imported 69% of the total supplies in the EU. Germany, the largest European importer, saw a 10%-growth of the import volume last year, while the Netherlands doubled its purchases from abroad. In 2020, the average surgical glove import price in the EU grew by +14% y-o-y to $53 per thousand pairs. 

EU Surgical Glove Imports

In 2020, imports of surgical gloves in the EU surged from 20.6B in 2019 to 35B pairs in 2020. In value terms, surgical glove imports soared from $1B in 2019 to $1.8B (IndexBox estimates) in 2020.

The countries with the highest levels of surgical glove imports in 2020 were Germany (9.8B pairs), the Netherlands (8.2B pairs) and Denmark (6B pairs), together reaching 69% of total import. It was distantly followed by France (1.6B pairs), comprising a 4.5% share of total imports. The following importers – Austria (1,436M pairs), Sweden (1,237M pairs), Spain (1,196M pairs), Poland (988M pairs), Italy (769M pairs), Belgium (715M pairs) and Hungary (574M pairs) – together made up 20% of total imports.

In 2020, Denmark saw the most notable growth of imports in physical terms. Denmark increased surgical glove imports from 0.6B pairs in 2019 to 6B pairs in 2020. Over this period, the Netherlands doubled its imports of surgical gloves, while Germany’s purchases rose by +10 y-o-y.

In value terms, Germany ($725M) constitutes the largest market for imported surgical gloves in the EU, comprising 40% of total imports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by the Netherlands ($161M), with an 8.8% share of total imports. It was followed by France, with a 6.9% share.

The surgical glove import price in the EU stood at $53 per thousand pairs in 2020, with an increase of +14% against the previous year. There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2020, the country with the highest price was Italy, while Denmark was amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Italy, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox Platform

cocoa

Indonesia Boosts Cocoa Butter Exports to Australia and India to Offset Falling American Purchases

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘Indonesia – Cocoa Butter – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

Indonesian cocoa butter exports remained robust in 2020, growing to $791M. The U.S., the Netherlands and India constitute the main markets for Indonesian cocoa butter, with a combined 49% share of the total exports. The supplies to the U.S. dropped by -20% y-o-y in value termsIndonesia has compensated for these losses by boosting exports to Australia, India, Estonia, United Arab Emirates and the Netherlands. 

Indonesian Cocoa Butter Exports

In 2020, approx. 144K tonnes of cocoa butter were exported from Indonesia, remaining constant against 2019. In value terms, cocoa butter exports rose from $785M in 2019 to $791M (IndexBox estimates) in 2020.

The U.S. (38K tonnes), the Netherlands (21K tonnes) and India (12K tonnes) were the main destinations of cocoa butter exports from Indonesia, with a combined 49% share of total exports. These countries were followed by Germany, Estonia, Australia, Canada, China, Russia, Japan, Mexico, France and the United Arab Emirates, which together accounted for a further 44%.

In value terms, the U.S. ($209M), the Netherlands ($113M) and India ($65M) were the largest markets for cocoa butter exported from Indonesia, together comprising 49% of total exports.

In 2020, Indonesian supplies to the U.S. fell by -$54M compared to the previous year. By contrast, exports to Australia (+$16M), India (+$15M), Estonia (+$10M), United Arab Emirates (+$9M) and the Netherlands (+$9M) increased.

In 2020, the average cocoa butter export price amounted to $5,474 per tonne. Average prices varied noticeably for the major foreign markets. In 2020, the highest prices were recorded for prices to the United Arab Emirates ($5,659 per tonne) and China ($5,587 per tonne), while the average prices for exports to Germany ($5,172 per tonne) and the Netherlands ($5,394 per tonne) were amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable growth rate in terms of prices was recorded for supplies to Japan, while the prices for the other major destinations experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox Platform

organic

American Exports of Organic Surface-Active Agents Go Up

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘U.S. – Organic Surface Active Agents – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

American exports of organic surface-active agent exports increased by +5.6% y-o-y to $3.5B in 2020. In physical terms, exports grew by +3.7% y-o-y to 1.4M tonnes. Canada remains the largest importer of organic surface-active agents from the U.S., comprising a 55% share of American exports. Mexico and China follow Canada in this ranking. Last year, all three countries recorded moderate growth in imports of the product from America. In 2020, the U.S. average export price for organic surface-active agents grew by +1.8% y-o-y to $2,584 per tonne.

U.S. Exports of Organic Surface-Active Agents

In 2020, the amount of organic surface-active agents exported from the U.S. reached 1.4M tonnes, surging by +3.7% on the previous year. In value terms, exports of organic surface-active agents rose by +5.6% y-o-y to $3.5B (IndexBox estimates) in 2020.

Canada (756K tonnes) was the main destination for organic surface-active agent exports from the U.S., with a 55% share of total exports. Moreover, surface-active agent exports to Canada exceeded the volume sent to the second major destination, Mexico (108K tonnes), sevenfold. China (54K tonnes) ranked third in terms of total exports with a 3.9% share.

In 2020, the average annual rate of growth in terms of volume to Canada amounted to +6.2%. Exports to the other major destinations recorded the following average annual rates of exports growth: Mexico (+8.8% per year) and China (+8.3% per year).

In value terms, Canada ($1.5B) remains the key foreign market for surface-active agent exports from the U.S., comprising 43% of total exports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Mexico ($249M), with a 7% share of total exports. It was followed by China, with a 5.9% share.

The average export price for organic surface-active agents stood at $2,584 per tonne in 2020, growing by +1.8% against the previous year. Prices varied noticeably by country of destination. The country with the highest price was Taiwan ($5,214 per tonne), while the average price for exports to Canada ($1,989 per tonne) was among the lowest. In 2020, the most notable growth rate in terms of prices was recorded for supplies to Taiwan, while the prices for the other major destinations experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox Platform

protein

The U.S. Doubles Its Protein Concentrate Exports in Past Decade

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘U.S. – Protein Concentrates And Flavoured Or Coloured Sugar Syrups – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

In the past decade, American protein concentrate exports doubled, reaching $873M in 2020. Last year, protein concentrate exports from the U.S. decreased slightly in physical terms but kept stable in value terms. Canada, Mexico and the Netherlands constitute the major importers of American proteins, with a combined 36%-share of the total U.S. exports. The average U.S. export price for protein concentrates soared by +15% y-o-y to $6,578 per tonne in 2020.

American Protein Concentrate Exports

American protein concentrate exports doubled in the past decade, from $394M in 2010 to $873M (IndexBox estimates) in 2020. Last year, exports in value terms remained relatively unchanged as compared to the figures of 2019. In physical terms, approx. 133K tonnes of protein concentrates were exported from the U.S. in 2020, shrinking by -12.8% against the year before.

Canada (19K tonnes), Mexico (18K tonnes) and the Netherlands (11K tonnes) were the main destinations of protein concentrate exports from the U.S., with a combined 36% share of total exports. These countries were followed by South Korea, the UK, Australia, Japan, Colombia, Germany, Thailand, Guatemala, Spain and Switzerland, which accounted for a further 28%.

In value terms, the largest markets for protein concentrate exported from the U.S. were Canada ($141M), South Korea ($102M) and the Netherlands ($74M), with a combined 36% share of total exports. Mexico, Thailand, Australia, Japan, the UK, Colombia, Germany, Switzerland, Guatemala and Spain lagged somewhat behind, comprising a further 29%.

In 2020, Switzerland saw the biggest increases in imports from the U.S. American exports to Switzerland grew from $0.5M to $8.0M over the last year.

In 2020, the average U.S. export price for protein concentrates amounted to $6,578 per tonne, surging by +15% against the previous year. There were significant differences in the average prices for the major foreign markets. In 2020, the country with the highest price was Thailand, while the average price for exports to Spain was amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable growth rate in terms of prices was recorded for supplies to South Korea, while the prices for the other major destinations experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox Platform

potato

World Potato Trade Slips Under $5B

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘World – Potato – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

Global potato exports dropped from $5.1B in 2019 to $4.3B in 2020. France, the Netherlands and Germany constitute major potato exporters worldwide. In 2020, the average potato export price amounted to $327 per tonne, decreasing by -6.3% y-o-y. Belgium, a country with one of the highest per capita potato consumption figures, remains the world’s largest importer. Over the last year, most importing countries have reduced their potato purchases. By contrast, Belgium, Spain, the U.S., Uzbekistan, Ukraine, the Czech Republic and the UK boosted their imports. 

Global Potato Exports by Country

Global potato exports shrank to 13M tonnes in 2020, dropping by -11.3% compared with the year before. In value terms, potato exports plummeted from $5.1B in 2019 to $4.3B (IndexBox estimates) in 2020.

The biggest shipments were from France (2.3M tonnes), the Netherlands (2M tonnes) and Germany (1.9M tonnes), together recording 48% of total export. It was distantly followed by Belgium (1M tonnes), comprising a 7.7% share of total exports. Egypt (561K tonnes), Canada (530K tonnes), the U.S. (506K tonnes), China (442K tonnes), Kazakhstan (318K tonnes), India (298K tonnes), Spain (285K tonnes), the UK (279K tonnes) and Pakistan (276K tonnes) occupied a relatively small share of total exports.

In value terms, the Netherlands ($826M), France ($684M) and Germany ($374M) were the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2020, with a combined 44% share of global exports. Canada, China, the U.S., Egypt, Belgium, the UK, Spain, India, Pakistan and Kazakhstan lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 39%.

In 2020, the average potato export price amounted to $327 per tonne, falling by -6.3% against the previous year. There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major exporting countries. In 2020, the country with the highest price was China, while Kazakhstan was amongst the lowest.

World’s Largest Potato Importers

In 2020, Belgium (3M tonnes), distantly followed by the Netherlands (1.6M tonnes), Spain (0.9M tonnes) and Germany (0.7M tonnes) were the main importers of potatoes, together achieving 43% of total imports. Italy (618K tonnes), the U.S. (501K tonnes), Uzbekistan (409K tonnes), Portugal (378K tonnes), France (331K tonnes), Ukraine (285K tonnes), Russia (241K tonnes), Malaysia (236K tonnes) and Canada (233K tonnes) followed a long way behind the leaders.

In value terms, Belgium ($595M), the Netherlands ($345M) and Spain ($314M) were the countries with the highest levels of imports in 2020, together accounting for 28% of global imports. The U.S., Germany, Italy, France, Russia, Portugal, Canada, Malaysia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 30%.

Most importing countries have reduced their purchases over the last year. Belgium, Spain, the U.S., Uzbekistan, Ukraine, the Czech Republic and the UK were among the few countries that increased their imports in 2020.

The countries with the highest levels of potato per capita consumption in 2020 were Belarus (608 kg per person), Belgium (522 kg per person) and Ukraine (474 kg per person).

Source: IndexBox Platform

fruit

Global Frozen Fruit Trade Grows Robustly

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘World – Frozen Fruits – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

Global frozen fruit imports continue to grow in physical terms, expanding twofold over the past decade. In 2020, global imports rose by +3% y-o-y to 2.7M tonnes. In value terms, imports reached $5.8B last year. The U.S. and Germany remain the largest importers of frozen fruits worldwide, with a combined 34%-share of the global figure. The U.S. featured the highest growth rate of imports in physical terms in 2020. The average global frozen fruit import price amounted to $2,121 per tonne in 2020, increasing by +8.2% y-o-y. 

Global Frozen Fruit Imports by Country

In 2020, global imports of frozen fruits amounted to 2.7M tonnes, increasing by +3% on 2019 figures. In value terms, frozen fruit imports expanded by +11.4% y-o-y to $5.8B (IndexBox estimates) in 2020. Global frozen fruit imports have expanded twofold in the past decade.

In 2020, the U.S. (544K tonnes) and Germany (376K tonnes) constituted the key importers of frozen fruits worldwide, together comprising approx. 34% of total imports. France (186K tonnes) occupied the next position in the ranking, followed by the Netherlands (159K tonnes). All these countries together held approx. 13% share of total imports. The following importers – Poland (115K tonnes), Belgium (113K tonnes), the UK (107K tonnes), Canada (100K tonnes), China (98K tonnes), Russia (95K tonnes), Japan (82K tonnes), Austria (66K tonnes) and Australia (55K tonnes) – together made up 31% of total imports.

In 2020, the most notable growth rate in purchases amongst the leading importing countries was attained by the U.S. (+19.7% y-o-y), while imports for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest frozen fruit importing markets worldwide were the U.S. ($1.1B), Germany ($675M) and China ($428M), with a combined 39% share of global imports.

The average frozen fruit import price stood at $2,121 per tonne in 2020, growing by +8.2% against the previous year. There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2020, the country with the highest price was China ($4,385 per tonne), while Russia ($1,148 per tonne) was amongst the lowest. In 2020, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Austria, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

World’s Largest Suppliers of Frozen Fruits

In 2020, Poland (335K tonnes), followed by Serbia (205K tonnes), Canada (201K tonnes), Mexico (159K tonnes), China (133K tonnes), the Netherlands (115K tonnes) and Egypt (113K tonnes) represented the major exporters of frozen fruits, together constituting 52% of total exports. Peru (101K tonnes), the U.S. (101K tonnes), Morocco (85K tonnes), Costa Rica (75K tonnes), Belgium (73K tonnes) and Germany (61K tonnes) occupied a relatively small share of total exports.

In value terms, the largest frozen fruit supplying countries worldwide were Poland ($551M), Canada ($436M) and Serbia ($428M), together comprising 28% of global exports. These countries were followed by Mexico, Peru, the U.S., the Netherlands, China, Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Morocco and Costa Rica, which together accounted for a further 38%.

Source: IndexBox Platform