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Global Vegetable Market 2019 – Resilient Growth of Potato Consumption in China and India Shapes Overall Market Trend

vegetable

Global Vegetable Market 2019 – Resilient Growth of Potato Consumption in China and India Shapes Overall Market Trend

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘World – Vegetable – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The global vegetable market revenue amounted to $1,249.8B in 2018, picking up by 2.4% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). The market value increased at an average annual rate of +4.1% over the period from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2010, with an increase of 8.1% against the previous year. Global vegetable consumption peaked in 2018, and is likely to continue its growth in the immediate term.

Production 2007-2018

Global vegetable production stood at 1,555M tonnes in 2018, jumping by 3.2% against the previous year. The total output volume increased at an average annual rate of +2.8% over the period from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations throughout the analyzed period.

Exports 2007-2018

In 2018, approx. 47M tonnes of vegetables were exported worldwide; standing approx. at the previous year. The total export volume increased at an average annual rate of +1.7% from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with only minor fluctuations being recorded over the period under review. In value terms, vegetable exports amounted to $42.3B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Exports by Country

The Netherlands (6.1M tonnes), Mexico (5.8M tonnes), Spain (5.1M tonnes), China (4.3M tonnes), France (3.5M tonnes), Germany (2.7M tonnes) and the U.S. (2.4M tonnes) represented roughly 64% of total exports of vegetables in 2018. The following exporters – Canada (1.4M tonnes), Belgium (1.3M tonnes), India (1.2M tonnes), Egypt (1.1M tonnes) and Italy (864K tonnes) – together made up 13% of total exports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Mexico, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Spain ($6.7B), the Netherlands ($6.5B) and Mexico ($6.2B) constituted the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, together comprising 46% of global exports.

Export Prices by Country

The average vegetable export price stood at $899 per tonne in 2018, leveling off at the previous year. Over the period from 2007 to 2018, it increased at an average annual rate of +1.1%. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2017, when the average export price increased by 6.6% against the previous year. In that year, the average export prices for vegetables reached their peak level of $910 per tonne, and then declined slightly in the following year.

Export prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest export price was Italy ($1,679 per tonne), while Germany ($342 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of export prices was attained by Canada, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Imports 2007-2018

In 2018, approx. 47M tonnes of vegetables were imported worldwide; approximately mirroring the previous year. The total import volume increased at an average annual rate of +1.8% over the period from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2010, when imports increased by 7.2% year-to-year. Over the period under review, global vegetable imports attained their peak figure at 49M tonnes in 2016; however, from 2017 to 2018, imports stood at a somewhat lower figure. In value terms, vegetable imports totaled $41.9B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total import value increased at an average annual rate of +2.7% from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2010, when imports increased by 17% year-to-year. Global imports peaked at $42.5B in 2017, and then declined slightly in the following year.

Imports by Country

In 2018, the U.S. (7.4M tonnes), distantly followed by Germany (3.8M tonnes), the Netherlands (3.1M tonnes), Russia (2.2M tonnes) and the UK (2.2M tonnes) were the key importers of vegetables, together achieving 39% of total imports. The following importers – Belgium (1.9M tonnes), Canada (1.9M tonnes), France (1.9M tonnes), Malaysia (1.4M tonnes), Italy (1.2M tonnes), Spain (1.2M tonnes) and Indonesia (819K tonnes) – together made up 22% of total imports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by the U.S., while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest vegetable importing markets worldwide were the U.S. ($8.5B), Germany ($5.1B) and the UK ($3B), with a combined 40% share of global imports. These countries were followed by Canada, France, the Netherlands, Russia, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Malaysia and Indonesia, which together accounted for a further 30%.

Import Prices by Country

The average vegetable import price stood at $884 per tonne in 2018, approximately mirroring the previous year. Overall, the vegetable import price, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. There were significant differences in the average import prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2018, the country with the highest import price was the UK ($1,367 per tonne), while Malaysia ($472 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of import prices was attained by Spain, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

CEIV pharma

DACHSER India Branches Boast CEIV Pharma Certification

DACHSER’s Mumbai and Hyderabad branches are among the few companies in India to receive the prestigious Center of Excellence for Independent Validators in Pharmaceutical Logistics certification  recognizing exemplary operations in transporting Life Science and Healthcare (LSH) products. Such products are both temperature and time-sensitive, requiring meticulous, accurate, and high standards in monitoring and handling to ensure product quality.

“Congratulations to DACHSER India on their CEIV Pharma certification. The time and temperature sensitive nature of pharmaceutical products means the highest standards are needed to make sure product integrity is maintained for such shipments,” said Vinoop Goel, IATA’s Regional Director for Airports and External Relations, Asia-Pacific. “With India being a major supplier of pharmaceutical products, DACHSER India’s CEIV Pharma certification will give pharmaceutical companies confidence and assurance that their cold-chain logistics requirements are being met.”

Difficult to obtain, the CEIV Pharma certification is earned by companies implementing efficient, safe, and excellence in transporting LSH products. Currently, DACHSER’s Hyderabad branch is one of two companies in the region to boast the accreditation. Through a strenuous audit ensuring compliance among all all facilities, equipment, operations and staff, DACHSER applied for the certification with the goal of adding to its already extensive history in handling pharma products.

“Obtaining the CEIV Pharma certification is an important milestone for DACHSER India. It emphasizes our continued focus for providing highly reliable logistic services to our valued customers in the LSH segment”, said Huned Gandhi, Managing Director, Air & Sea Logistics for the Indian Subcontinent. “Quality and efficiency have always been the cornerstones for our success and our teams are extremely proud to receive this accreditation from IATA.”
“By way of CEIV certification at our Mumbai and Hyderabad branches, DACHSER India has made a big step forward to further enhance its operational and technical competencies in serving our LSH customers,” concluded Zarksis Munshi, Head of Air Freight, Air & Sea Logistics India Subcontinent.

It’s Time for an Indian-U.S. Digital Alliance

With two of largest economies in the world – the EU and China – developing their own digital economy frameworks and governance systems and seeking to export those to their respective spheres of influence, America and India risk being isolated. With its comprehensive digital economy regulatory regime, including limits on cross border data flows, onerous privacy rules, and aggressive antitrust enforcement directed at U.S. internet companies, the EU is seeking to export its digital governance model globally. China is doing the same.

Its strategy of a protected domestic market, coupled with a state that is a massive provider of data to Chinese IT firms, being exported through its digital silk road initiative.

If India and the United States do not want to live in an increasingly bi-polar digital world with some nations in the EU digital regulatory block and others as digital colonies of China, it is time for a high-level digital alliance between India and the United States.

Such a partnership makes eminent sense. Today, the two countries are already partners in areas ranging from trade and investment, defence and counter-terrorism, science and technology, and energy and health, among others. Goods and services trade between the two countries topped US$142bn in 2018 with a joint resolve of taking it to US$500bn by 2024.

As India is a leader in IT services, fielding global leading companies like WIPRO, TCS and Infosys, and the United States is home to the world’s leading digital economy firms, becoming partners in digital is the next logical step.

However, increasingly, economic policy in the two countries is fueled by nation-first rhetoric. Such an approach has the potential of putting both countries at loggerheads. For instance, India’s position on local storage of sensitive data of its citizens, particularly in payments, e-commerce, and social media sectors, has raised the hackles of American companies, as have a series of restrictions against U.S. firms from entering the e-commerce market.

Yet, apparent discord is no reason to weaken the resolve of deepening engagement in existing areas and expanding in others. In fact, such episodes must prompt a course correction through comprehensive review of causes, and designing of mechanisms to prevent and promptly resolve possible discords in future.

One key Indian position is primarily informed by difficulty of its law enforcement agencies to get timely access to data of potential rogue elements that may be stored outside India. Yet, rather than ban cross border data transfers to the United States, a well negotiated arrangement between the two countries which inter alia minimises restrictions on cross border data flow, maintains high levels of data protection, and does not compromise the ability of Indian government to access necessary data in genuine cases will be a win-win situation for both countries.

Resolving these kinds of existing and potential disputes through formalized mechanisms like advance notification and structured consultation could go a long way in deepening partnership between the two nations.

However, the scope of digital alliance need not be limited to dispute resolution. The emerging new IT-based innovation wave is bringing stakeholders across jurisdictions closer than ever. A range of intermediaries has emerged to increase convenience, safety, speed, and economy of digital experience, within and across borders. Regulation on accountability, dominance, grievance redress, and taxation in digital economy will need greater cooperation among governments than ever before.

India and the United States can lead the way in working towards establishing best practices by entering into early engagements at senior government levels on these issues under a broader digital alliance. The on-going 2+2 dialogue on defence and security issues between the two countries could be a good template. The digital alliance can also benefit from close partnerships between industry and civil society of the two nations.

Finally, each nation leads in certain areas, with India ahead of the United States in programs like smart cities and digital identity systems, both implemented under the Modi government. Also, India has taken important steps in fighting digital piracy, with the Delhi high court’s recent decision that provides a new tool for rights-holders to better protect the creativity that is tied up in their copyright.

The United States leads in broadband and progress to 5G and e-government. When it comes to these kinds of digital policy innovations, a formal partnership can help two-way learning and implementation with appropriate customization.

Given their past and present partnership, India and the United States are not only naturally placed to develop a shared global vision for digital economy but are also equally equipped to present an optimal alternative to the Chinese or EU approaches. The time is right for a digital alliance between India and the United States. The leadership in both countries needs to realise this and actively work towards achieving the same before it’s too late.

Mehta is Founder Secretary General of CUTS International, a global economy policy research and advocacy group headquartered in India. Atkinson is Founder and President of Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, the world’s top think tank for science and technology policy, headquartered in the United States.

Locus Announces $22 million in Series B Funding Secured

AI-backed supply chain and logistics solutions company, Locus announced
Falcon Edge Capital, Tiger Global Management, Exfinity Venture Partners and Blume Ventures contributed to $22 million in funding towards enhancements of AI-focused solutions and expansion of teams in North America and Southeast Asia.

“Locus provides autonomous supply chain optimization, thus minimizing the dependency on human intelligence, built by an incredible team of PhDs and Engineers,” said Locus CEO Nishith Rastogi said. “Product applications include clubbing of forward and reverse logistics in a single route plan, schedule and on-demand dispatch planning, and automatic escalation management.

“Locus is on an unprecedented path to automate every possible decision in the supply chain. The funding will act as a boost to our global expansion efforts as we amplify our team size specifically in North America and continue to build our IP.”

Locus has established itself as a premier provider of AI-backed logistics and supply chain solutions in India following successful customer roll-outs. Additionally, one of the region’s largest e-grocers employs Locus to meet
99.5% SLA adherence for more than 10 million customers. Among its solutions portfolio, customers can find route optimization, real-time order tracking, insights and analytics, dynamic sales journey plans, and automated shipment sorting. 

“We believe the trillion-dollar global logistics market is ripe for disruption via technological change, particularly AI and machine learning-driven solutions,” said Navroz D. Udwadia, Co-Founder, Falcon Edge Capital. “We are excited to lead a Series B round in Locus, a company that deploys AI/ML/deep tech to drive route optimization outcomes in global logistics markets.”

“With Hindustan Unilever, Blue Dart and other prolific anchor customers, the team has demonstrated the ability to build and deliver cutting-edge technology and algorithmic-driven outcomes that provide attributable ROI to the enterprise at scale. We are excited to help Locus expand its breadth and depth of product and sales reach, moving from route optimization to a full-stack SaaS offering to the enterprise around its logistics needs.”

Source: Locus


Understanding Washington’s Move to Exclude India from the GSP

On 4 March 2019, The Office of the United States Trade Representative announced through a letter to U.S. Congress that the U.S. intends to terminate India’s designation as a beneficiary developing country under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Scheme.

The move will have direct implications on U.S. businesses that import either finished or intermediate goods from India, increasing their landed costs and further complicating their customs administration.

What is the GSP?

For the uninitiated, GSP is a trade preference program introduced in the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 that provides opportunities for many of the world’s poorest countries to use trade to grow their economies. Several products imported from these countries are extended a preferential treatment, including reduced or waived tariffs. One of the discretionary criteria the U.S. considers when determining the eligibility of a country as a beneficiary of the GSP is whether or not the country being evaluated will provide equitable and reasonable access to its markets and basic commodity resources.

Washington’s recent move to exclude India from the GSP means India-origin goods that were hitherto eligible for preferential treatment will now have import duties imposed, making them more expensive for U.S. importers. 

What caused the change?

U.S. goods and services traded with India totaled an estimated $126.2 billion in 2017. Exports were $49.4 billion and imports were $76.7 billion. The total trade deficit with India was $27.3 billion in 2017. The current U.S. administration is heavily focused on reducing trade deficits, and has taken the view that India has not assured the United States that it will provide equitable and reasonable access to the Indian market.

News reports suggest this was triggered by petitions from the National Milk Producers Federation, the U.S. Dairy Export Council, and the Advanced Medical Technology Association. India requires dairy products to be certified as being sourced from animals that have not consumed internal organs, blood meal or tissues of ruminant origin. The U.S. does not provide such a certification although other exporting countries such as the EU and New Zealand do. India has also recently placed a cap on the prices of medical devices, such as stents, which directly impacts U.S. exporters of these devices to India.

What will be the likely impact?

Experts believe the exclusion of India from the GSP will have a negligible effect on India’s industrial performance as it is expected to affect only about $5.6 billion worth of exports with benefits of about $190 million; an amount that could be absorbed by exporters as an additional cost; or supported by the Indian government through subsidies or similar measures. Others however, note that while the actual duty benefits of the GSP program may be small relative to the country’s total trade activity, they could disproportionately affect India’s small and medium businesses who export intermediate goods – products that are low on the manufacturing value chain and thus not made competitively in the United States. Upcoming national elections in India may also play a part in the government’s approach to the issue.

What happens next?

A mandatory 60 days must now pass after notice has been given to the beneficiary countries and to Congress, during which time the countries can, at least technically, negotiate the changes. After the 60-day period, a beneficiary country can be taken off the GSP list by a presidential proclamation. Sources from the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) have indicated India will “continue to talk” to the United States government over the 60-day period in hopes of coming to a mutually acceptable agreement.

It must be noted that the two countries are already in discussions to resolve a range of other trade tariff issues, primarily those stemming from the U.S. Administration’s decision not to exempt India from its new steel and aluminium tariffs. India had retaliated by raising import tax on U.S. imports worth $10.6 billion. For example, a tariff of 100% will be applied on imports of U.S. origin almonds and walnuts (up from 30%), and a tariff of 50% will be applied on apples (up from 40%). However, India has delayed implementation of higher tariffs. This is seen by several observers as a sign of India’s willingness to negotiate and arrive at a mutually beneficial solution. On the other hand, the U.S. Administration’s intentions to bring down the overall U.S. trade deficit could see these negotiations fail. 

U.S. importers who bring in products from India should consult with their trade services partners to determine the impact on their overall landed costs and possibly explore alternative sourcing markets that could offer a more favorable tariff regime, shorter transit times or less onerous customs requirements.

Jayachand Pachakkil,is a senior consultant in the Global Trade Consulting division of trade services firm Livingston International. He can be reached at jpachakkil@livingstonintl.com

Dubai Customs Reports Free Zone Trade Growth

The latest reports released by Dubai Customs reveals an impressive 23 percent growth in free zone trade for 2018, reaching a total of AED532 billion. Total non-oil trade for 2018 was reported at AED1.3 trillion, confirming the strong position Dubai is steadily maintaining as an international and regional trade hub leader.

“The current growth of Dubai’s non-oil foreign trade is an indication that we are on the right path of revenue diversification in alignment with the values and standards outlined in the 50-Year Charter. The Dubai Silk Road Strategy supports decades of successful investment in developing the emirate’s infrastructure,” said His Highness Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and Chairman of The Executive Council.

“In line with the vision of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, we are committed to develop our government services so that we can become a world-class model for future governments based on knowledge, innovation and advanced AI applications. We are currently developing a virtual commercial zone, the first of its kind in the region, which will allow investors to open bank accounts and grant e-residencies according to the highest standards of international laws and regulations,” he added.

Additionally, airborne trade saw an increase of 3.2 percent, sea trade was reported with a 3.4 percent increase, and land trade was reported at AED205 billion. Advanced communication technologies, such as phones were reported as the top commodity in Dubai, and China and India remained the region’s largest trading partners.

Dubai’s non-oil foreign trade is flexible and agile enough to overcome different global economic crunches. Despite a number of challenges that world trade has been through in the last decade, Dubai’s trade grew 72% from 2009 and 2018, and the volume of goods in this period grew 44%. This again reflects Dubai’s ability to attract global trade and investments and to keep up with changes, especially the rise of Asia and China as a global export hub. Dubai is a very important link in this global activity. Our international network of ports and free zones in different countries coupled with Dubai’s leading airline network have helped the emirate in its journey towards more success and progress,” concluded Sultan bin Sulayem, DP World Group Chairman & CEO and Chairman of Ports, Customs and Free Zone Corporation.

Hermes

Hermes Logistics Makes Moves to Meet Increased Global Demand

Hermes Logistics Technologies has expanded its India and UK teams in an effort to meet the increasing global demand of the H5 cargo management system.

“As Hermes continues to develop its core products to meet the demands of a growing customer base, we are pleased to welcome new members to our global team to provide support and innovation to our digital solution portfolio,” said Alexis Labonne, Chief Technology Officer, HLT.

The team expansions will support the company’s goal to create new platform applications and business analysis while penetrating customer regions. Following its introduction to the Hanoi Airport, Vietnam region in 2018, H5 system has gained notable attention, with planned implementations at Dubai World Central with RSA National and Hyderabad Airport, India.

“We are growing our teams in India and the UK to allow us to continue the development of new applications as part of our Hermes NG suite, which will complement H5’s software as a service (SaaS) Cloud offering,” said Yuval Baruch, Chief Executive Officer, HLT.

“By growing our presence in India, we will be able to strengthen quality assurance and quality control, and in addition, provide a more tailored response to our Asian customers.”

 

Source: Meantime Communications

 

Leadership Shifts to Support Global Logistics Expansion Efforts

Increasing growth in Europe and India is the primary driver behind recent leadership changes for the global innovation and provider of temperature control packaging for life science and logistics company, Softbox.

Kevin Valentine will now hold the title of General Manager for Softbox Europe and brings with him over  25 years of industry experience, specifically pertaining to the leadership experience in the science and production of advanced temperature controlled packaging solutions and thermal covers for pharmaceuticals. Valentine will focus primarily on quality of innovation and client services in his new role.

Additionally, Dharmesh Chauhan, who will report directly to Valentine, will take on the role of Sales Director for Softbox Europe. and will provide support to the newly-combined Softbox and TP3 Global sales teams to further efforts of temperature control packaging and thermal cover portfolios for global pharmaceutical customers.

A third player in the industry, Dinesh Patki, will lead efforts towards growth with the full integration of TP3 Global/CLI and Softbox in India through his role as General Manager of Softbox India. Patki provides strong relationships with the Indian market that will assist in the expansion of company growth in the region.

 “Kevin, Dharmesh and Dinesh are very experienced industry leaders and I’m delighted to welcome them in their new roles within the Softbox leadership team,” Wayne Langlois, President at Softbox, said.  “By leveraging the best possible talent from within our organisation, it enables us to integrate and grow Softbox to further growth success.”

Source: Softbox Systems

 

 

India Trade Barriers ? New USITC Report Says “Yes”; India Says “No”

Washington, D.C. – The U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) has released a new report slamming India’s trade, investment and industrial policies and detailing their impact on the U.S. economy.

According to the report, tariff and customs procedures as well as taxes and financial regulations “had the most significant effect on U.S. businesses while foreign direct investment caps and intellectual property policies also impacted companies across several sectors.”

If tariff and investment restrictions were fully eliminated and standards of intellectual property (IP) protection were made comparable to U.S. and Western European levels, US exports to India would rise by two-thirds and US investment in India would roughly double, the Trade, Investment, and Industrial Policies in India: Effects on the US Economy report said.

The USITC has been asked by the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Senate Committee on Finance to conduct a second investigation looking at policy changes under the new government. The agency expects to deliver the results to the Committees by September 24.

The report, prepared at the behest of the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Senate Committee on Finance, covers tariffs and customs procedures, foreign direct investment restrictions, local-content requirements, treatment of intellectual property, taxes and financial regulations, regulatory uncertainty, and other non-tariff measures such as unclear legal liability, price controls, and sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards.

India angrily responded to the USITC report, calling it a “unilateral action” that “has no validity.”

A senior official in the New Delhi government told the media that, “India was not party to the investigations and it is the U.S.’ internal decision. The U.S. government has not taken up the matter bilaterally or multilaterally with us. India’s position remains the same as it was last year.”

The USITC report is the second such report released over the past several years by the agency on the tariff and non-tariff trade barriers U.S. companies face while doing business with the Sub-Continent.

The Washington, D.C.-headquartered U.S.-India Business Council, the largest bilateral trade association in the U.S., took a somewhat conciliatory tone when responding to the USITC report.

“There is no doubt that U.S. companies face challenges in India, but many of these issues are institutional in nature and take time and a concerted effort by all stakeholders to resolve,” said Diane Farrell, acting president of the Washington, D.C.-headquartered U.S.-India Business Council.

“As this most recent report suggests, there is a lot of potential for both countries, and we are committed to working alongside our members and both governments to further develop and deepen the two-way commercial relationship,” she said.

President Barack Obama is scheduled to visit India later this month.

01/06/2015

USITC to Probe Changes in Indian Trade Policies

Washington, DC – The US International Trade Commission (ITC) has launched an investigation into significant changes in India’s trade and investment policies by that country’s newly-elected government.

The decision by the agency comes in response to a request made in a September 25 letter sent jointly from the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Committee on Finance.

“Given the recent national elections in India and the formation of a new Bharatiya Janata Party-led government, and our interest in receiving the most comprehensive and up-to-date information possible,” the letter read, “we now request that the Commission conduct a second investigation concerning India’s industrial policies that discriminate against US trade and investment since the first ITC investigation.”

As requested, the ITC said it will “provide information about any significant changes by the new Indian government to the trade and investment policies identified in the Commission’s ongoing investigation.”

The agency said it “will also include information on any new relevant trade and investment policies and practices in India, focusing on the period from mid-2014.”

It added that the agency expects to deliver the report to the committees by September 24, 2015, the official statement said, adding that it will hold a public hearing in connection with this investigation on April 7, 2015.

The new investigation is the ITC’s second probe regarding India’s trade and investment policies requested by the two committees.

In 2013, the committees jointly asked the agency to investigate Indian policies that restrict US trade and investment.

The ITC is expected to submit its report in that investigation – Trade, Investment, and Industrial Policies in India: Effects on the US Economy – to both the House and Senate committees on December 15.

10/29/2014