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In the Global Battle Over Data Flows, Data Liberals Must Fight Back Against Data Nationalists and Interventionists

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In the Global Battle Over Data Flows, Data Liberals Must Fight Back Against Data Nationalists and Interventionists

“All Gaul is divided into three parts,” Julius Caesar famously wrote in his account of Rome’s Gallic Wars. Two thousand years later, there is a global policy battle underway over how countries should treat cross-border data flows, and it too is divided into three tribes: Data nationalists, including Russia and China, insist on data localization, believing that it is necessary to ensure national and economic security.

Data interventionists, especially the European Union, erect barriers to data flows unless other countries agree to their terms. Data liberals embrace the global free flow of data, recognizing that legal responsibilities can accompany the data wherever it goes and that data flows are critical to modern trade and innovation.

Unfortunately, data liberals are losing ground as barriers to data flows continue to spread. To respond, nations embracing data liberalism, especially Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, should work collectively to develop new rules to support data flows and more forcefully resist efforts to limit data flows.

Data Nationalists: “Data localization is necessary because [economy/security/privacy]!”

Data nationalists prioritize government control over data, arguing that data localization is necessary to protect economic and national security interests. China and Russia justify their restrictive data rules on the principle of cyber sovereignty, where a government can essentially take whatever action it deems necessary with respect to data.

Both force firms to only store data locally (a concept known as data localization). Russia has demanded that online services store data locally in part so that the government can exert greater control over
these businesses, such as to censor social media platforms. China has enacted dozens of laws and regulations making data transfers illegal or prohibitively complicated and costly. Arbitrary enforcement and uncertainty about how these laws work makes firms risk averse, leading them to store data locally even if they could potentially transfer it (a concept known as de facto data localization).

And while China has enacted a range of sweeping new digital and data-related laws (such as its Cybersecurity Law, Personal Information Protection Law , and Data Security Law), none of them create meaningful constraints on the government’s ability to access this locally stored data. Other nations, such as India,
Pakistan, Turkey, and Vietnam, are following suit in enacting similarly restrictive data policies.

Data Interventionists: “Adopt our rules, or else we’ll impose data localization!”

Data interventionists believe that data flows should be conditioned on other countries harmonizing their rules to the interventionists’ preferred policies on issues such as privacy or data sharing. These countries set strict rules for the collection, use, and transfer of data and cut off data flows to any country that does not adhere to their approach. Data interventionists use data flows as a bargaining chip to impose their (restrictive) data economy policies on other countries.

The EU is the leading data interventionist. It wants to force its own restrictive approach to data privacy—under General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—on other countries via “adequacy”
determinations (where it judges their approach privacy against GDPR). Adequacy determinations allow firms from another country to transfer EU personal data back to their home country.

The EU’s slow, vague, and politically driven country-by-country adequacy determinations is central to its efforts to try to use market access as a carrot to get other countries to copy their approach. While GDPR has undoubtably had a broad impact on global data privacy discussions and policies, with many countries adopting and adapting parts of it, it has had far less success in forcing other countries to fully adopt it with hardly any new adequacy determinations.

EU-style data interventionism verges on data imperialism, especially as the list of countries that willingly subject themselves to adequacy negotiations shrinks and more firms from developing countries try and engage in digital trade with the EU by copying the GDPR, despite it being a poor fit for their countries.

While data privacy is the clearest example of the EU’s data interventionism, it won’t likely stop there. The EU is now considering creating a conditional flow framework for non-personal data. Likewise, the EU could very bludgeon other nations into adopting its emerging AI and cybersecurity frameworks.

Data Liberal: “No data localization—let data flow freely!”

Data liberals support the free flow of data. These countries recognize that data flows are a force for good and that legal responsibilities can move with the data as firms can be held accountable according to local laws regardless of where the data is transferred.

Data liberal countries value the role of an open, competitive, and rules-based global digital economy and are working together to enact new norms, rules, and frameworks to support the critical role of data in today’s digital economy. Where the flow of data raises legitimate issues (such as assuring regulatory access to data for regulatory oversight), these countries enact new agreements with likeminded countries to address the underlying issue (namely regulatory access) without restricting the movement of data.

Critics of data liberals misunderstand that enacting new global rules around data and digital trade is not mutually exclusive from them enacting sensible, balanced laws on data privacy, cybersecurity,
competition policy, and other data-related issues at home. Australia and New Zealand are both leading data liberals and they are not labor, human rights, consumer rights, or regulatory scofflaws. Their global leadership on digital trade hasn’t stopped them from updating data privacy, cybersecurity, and other laws and regulations.

They, and other data liberal countries like the United Kingdom and Singapore, use new digital trade and economy agreements to deepen international regulatory cooperation as this is
what is truly needed with a globally distributed technology like the Internet. These agreements aim to build better regulatory alignment and interoperability on new and existing data policy issues—it is not
some “race to the bottom” as the ideological opponents of these efforts try and portray them.

Data Liberals Unite!

The debate over data flows will shape the future of the global digital economy. If the United States wants to build a future where data can flow freely between nations to foster commerce and innovation,
it should work to not only build a global alliance among data liberals, but also work to convert data interventionists to their agenda, who at least agree in principle with the free flow of data.

Nigel Cory (@nigelcory) is associate director of trade policy at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Daniel Castro (@castrotech) is vice president of ITIF and director of the Center for
Data Innovation.

nuclear ukraine putin united NATO

How Will the Russia-Ukraine War Reshape the World? (Part 1)

It’s the big question keeping the world on edge: How does this end?

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s war of choice in Ukraine is a world-historical event, marking the final act of the post-Cold War period and the start of a new era, yet unwritten. The spectrum of possible outcomes ranges from a volatile new cold or hot war involving the United States, Russia, and China; to a frozen conflict in Ukraine; to a post-Putin settlement in which Russia becomes part of a revised European security architecture. With the West leveling unprecedented sanctions against Russia in record time and the real potential for a descent into nuclear war, we are in uncharted territory. It is difficult to see how Putin “wins.” But he cannot accept defeat.

What follows are four scenarios for how this war could conclude and the alternative geopolitical futures that might result, transforming international relations over the course of the next two to three years. We develop scenarios not to predict the future but to help decision makers imagine what could happen next and devise ways to prevent the worst case. The only certainty about the war over Ukraine is that all existing certainties have been shattered.

A frozen conflict

Russia’s war effort in Ukraine drags on for more than a year, as the civilian death toll continues to rise. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy remains in Kyiv, even with his life in persistent danger from Russian-directed assassination attempts.

In 2023, global oil prices stay over one hundred dollars a barrel, as Europe struggles to wean itself off Russian energy. The harsh winter in 2022-2023 has prompted European Union (EU) countries to begin rationing energy supplies, depriving industries of needed power and forcing schools to close during the worst weather because of the difficulty of heating classrooms. Europe plunges into recession. Even though the United States is spared a recession, the high price of gasoline continues to anger Americans. The Democratic Party loses control of both the Senate and House of Representatives in the November 2022 midterm elections, dramatically weakening US President Joe Biden’s ability to advance his policy agenda.

Russia, meanwhile, is in dire condition. Despite the Russian Central Bank’s deft management of an impossible situation, inflation climbs rapidly amid interrupted supplies of basic food staples and less-than-anticipated Chinese assistance. Russia’s military hierarchy understands that the war in Ukraine is unwinnable, and there are rumors of a loose coalition of irate oligarchs and military and intelligence siloviki with designs on forcing Putin’s ouster and installing former President Dmitry Medvedev in his place. The country’s intelligence service, the FSB, averts a palace coup, and Putin sends dozens of generals to a prison camp.

In early 2023, with the warring sides stalled and no end in sight to the low-intensity conflict, French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz grow anxious to mediate a ceasefire. Almost ten million Ukrainians have emigrated to the (EU), where the deepening recession stokes public opposition to admitting more refugees. European leaders are prepared to offer incentives to Putin: the lifting of some sanctions once Russian troops end their fighting and start reducing their presence in Ukraine.

Under pressure at home, Putin pulls back a portion of his troops from Ukraine but keeps enough there to continue to control much of Ukraine’s coastline, ensuring a land bridge between the Donbas region and Crimea. French and German leaders are disappointed with the partial Russian withdrawal and reciprocate by doing away with sanctions only on those oligarchs who have reportedly been involved in plots to remove Putin. The EU also temporarily lifts an embargo it had imposed on Russian energy, though principally to help with the recovery of European economies. The Biden administration does not eliminate its own energy embargo. But in the hope that oil prices will start to decline with the presidential election cycle beginning in mid-2023, it turns a blind eye to the importation of Russian energy by other countries, including European allies.

Talks with Putin, led by France, Germany, Turkey, and Israel, are protracted. Moscow wants assurances that NATO will stop providing arms to the Ukrainian resistance and will rescind its 2008 pledge to admit Ukraine and Georgia to the Alliance. The United States won’t give in, even though Zelenskyy has conceded for some time that Ukraine’s dream of NATO membership is no longer feasible. The Ukrainian president will accept neutrality so long as the five permanent members of the United Nations (UN) Security Council (the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, and France) plus Germany and Turkey become guarantors of Ukraine’s security. Zelenskyy is unwilling, however, to concede independence for his country’s breakaway regions of Donetsk and Luhansk.

With negotiations stuck on these points, Washington wants to double down on providing military supplies to Ukrainian forces while France and Germany still hope to reach a détente with Moscow and worry about Putin sending back the troops he has withdrawn. Poland and other Central European nations back the US position, particularly since Zelenskyy does not want the pressure on Russia to ease. He insists that if Ukrainian forces get more military assistance, they have a good chance of repulsing all remaining Russian forces.

As the US presidential campaign heats up while the fighting in Ukraine does as well, the Biden administration convenes a special NATO summit to decide next steps. Both the United States and its European allies believe the conflict’s current course is not sustainable. EU publics are increasingly angry about the cost of housing and the challenge of supporting millions of Ukrainian refugees amid a recession. In the United States, the administration fears a wipeout for Democrats in the 2024 elections as gas prices and inflation remain elevated and the economy underperforms. In the Middle East, Egypt has been rocked for two years by ever more violent food riots as the price of bread soars. Europeans fear a repeat of the Arab Spring with more instability, terrorism, and refugees. The United States and European countries are also finding it harder to enforce other countries’ compliance with Russia sanctions. Russia might not sell as much oil and natural gas to Europe as it once did, but it is finding plenty of buyers for discounted Russian energy elsewhere. Western leaders worry that the initial shock of the sanctions has worn off and that most ordinary Russians are learning to adapt to them. Having survived elite plots to replace him, Putin has reasserted control over the country.

At the NATO summit, Biden announces that the West has two options. The first is to pressure Zelenskyy and Putin into a ceasefire and limited peace agreement, though this would carry the risk of a fragile peace. The second is for the West to step up its military assistance to Ukraine in the hope that a Ukrainian military breakthrough will force Putin to make major concessions, though this would incur escalation risks such as Russian targeting of supply depots along the border with Poland or Romania. While Biden may only glimpse this at the time, the former option is more liable to lead to something like our second scenario (“a double cold war”) while the latter option is more likely to bring about situations akin to our third (“a nuclear apocalypse”) or fourth (“a brave new world”) scenarios.

 

Boeing

EU Imposes Tariffs on U.S. Following WTO Decision on Subsidies to Boeing

The European Union (EU) has imposed additional tariffs on approximately $4 billion worth of U.S. goods, after a World Trade Organization (WTO) decision last month authorized proportionate retaliation against the U.S. for its subsidies to Boeing.

According to the European Commission’s (EC) Implementing Regulation (“the Regulation”), published in the Official Journal of the European Union on November 9, 2020, negotiations with the U.S. to settle the dispute over subsidies to their respective aircraft industries “have so far not yielded results,” while the U.S. still maintains tariffs on approximately $7.5 billion worth of European goods as a result of a parallel WTO decision authorizing U.S. retaliation against the EU.

Effective upon the date of publication, the EC has adopted duty rates of 15% for civil aircraft and aircraft parts under the tariff codes 8802.40.0013, 8802.40.0015, 8802.40.0017, 8802.40.0019, and 8802.40.0021. A rate of 25% was adopted for all other listed U.S.-origin imports. The list of goods subject to 25% tariffs, with product descriptions, can be viewed here. The rates of 15% and 25% reflect the rates currently imposed by the U.S. on imports of EU-origin goods.

In U.S. Trade Representative Robert E. Lighthizer’s statement in response to the EU’s announcement of retaliatory tariffs, he expressed disappointment and noted that the main subsidy to Boeing—a Washington State Business & Occupation tax break—that was alleged at the WTO was repealed earlier this year.

_______________________________________________________________

Julia Banegas is an attorney in Husch Blackwell LLP’s Washington, D.C. office.

Emily Lyons is an attorney in Husch Blackwell LLP’s Washington, D.C. office.

Camron Greer is an Assistant Trade Analyst in Husch Blackwell LLP’s Washington D.C. office.

beef

The Growth of the EU Fresh Beef Carcases Market Lost Its Momentum

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘EU – Fresh Or Chilled Carcases Of Beef And Veal – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the fresh beef carcase market in the European Union amounted to $12.6B in 2018, falling by -3.7% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). Over the period under review, fresh beef carcass consumption, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The level of fresh beef carcass consumption peaked at $14.6B in 2013; however, from 2014 to 2018, consumption remained at a lower figure.

Consumption By Country

The countries with the highest volumes of fresh beef carcase consumption in 2018 were Italy (1M tonnes), Germany (791K tonnes) and Spain (388K tonnes), with a combined 55% share of total consumption. France, the Netherlands, Poland, the UK, Belgium, Ireland, Greece, Portugal and Hungary lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 36%.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of fresh beef carcass consumption, amongst the main consuming countries, was attained by the Netherlands, while fresh beef carcass consumption for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest fresh beef carcase markets in the European Union were Italy ($3.8B), Germany ($2.1B) and France ($1.6B), with a combined 59% share of the total market. These countries were followed by the Netherlands, the UK, Spain, Poland, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Belgium and Hungary, which together accounted for a further 33%.

The countries with the highest levels of fresh beef carcase per capita consumption in 2018 were Ireland (24 kg per person), Italy (17 kg per person) and the Netherlands (17 kg per person).

Market Forecast to 2030

Driven by increasing demand for fresh beef carcase in the European Union, the market is expected to continue an upward consumption trend over the next decade. Market performance is forecast to accelerate, expanding with an anticipated CAGR of +2.2% for the period from 2018 to 2030, which is projected to bring the market volume to 5.1M tonnes by the end of 2030.

Production in the EU

The fresh beef carcase production totalled 4.1M tonnes in 2018, lowering by -10.7% against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh beef carcase production, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2016 with an increase of 7.7% y-o-y. In that year, fresh beef carcase production reached its peak volume of 4.6M tonnes. From 2017 to 2018, fresh beef carcase production growth failed to regain its momentum.

Production By Country

The countries with the highest volumes of fresh beef carcase production in 2018 were Italy (817K tonnes), Germany (802K tonnes) and Spain (448K tonnes), with a combined 51% share of total production.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of fresh beef carcase production, amongst the main producing countries, was attained by Germany, while fresh beef carcase production for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Exports in the EU

In 2018, approx. 1.2M tonnes of fresh or chilled carcases of beef and veal were exported in the European Union; increasing by 3.5% against the previous year. In general, fresh beef carcase exports continue to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. In value terms, fresh beef carcase exports stood at $5.2B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Exports by Country

The exports of the six major exporters of fresh or chilled carcases of beef and veal, namely Poland, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Belgium, represented more than two-thirds of total export. It was distantly followed by Italy (59K tonnes), mixing up a 4.9% share of total exports. Ireland (50K tonnes) held a minor share of total exports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Poland, while exports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Poland ($901M), France ($822M) and the Netherlands ($752M) were the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, with a combined 47% share of total exports.

Export Prices by Country

In 2018, the fresh beef carcase export price in the European Union amounted to $4,312 per tonne, increasing by 3.7% against the previous year. In general, the fresh beef carcase export price, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern.

Average prices varied somewhat amongst the major exporting countries. In 2018, major exporting countries recorded the following prices: in the Netherlands ($5,145 per tonne) and Belgium ($4,824 per tonne), while Italy ($3,720 per tonne) and Poland ($3,967 per tonne) were amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Poland, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Imports in the EU

The volume of imports amounted to 1.1M tonnes in 2018, therefore, remained relatively stable against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh beef carcase imports, however, continue to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. In value terms, fresh beef carcase imports stood at $4.9B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Imports by Country

Italy (247K tonnes) and the Netherlands (244K tonnes) represented roughly 45% of total imports of fresh or chilled carcases of beef and veal in 2018. Germany (129K tonnes) held the next position in the ranking, followed by France (84K tonnes), Greece (82K tonnes), Portugal (61K tonnes) and Spain (56K tonnes). All these countries together took approx. 38% share of total imports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by the Netherlands, while imports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Italy ($1.3B), the Netherlands ($887M) and Germany ($563M) constituted the countries with the highest levels of imports in 2018, with a combined 56% share of total imports.

Import Prices by Country

The fresh beef carcase import price in the European Union stood at $4,500 per tonne in 2018, going up by 5.3% against the previous year. In general, the fresh beef carcase import price, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The level of import price peaked at $5,077 per tonne in 2013; however, from 2014 to 2018, import prices stood at a somewhat lower figure.

Average prices varied somewhat amongst the major importing countries. In 2018, major importing countries recorded the following prices: in Spain ($5,325 per tonne) and Italy ($5,290 per tonne), while the Netherlands ($3,637 per tonne) and Germany ($4,352 per tonne) were amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by France, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

sweet corn

Preserved Sweet Corn Market in the EU To Continue Moderate Growth

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘EU – Sweet Corn Prepared Or Preserved – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the preserved sweet corn market in the European Union amounted to $465M in 2018, remaining relatively unchanged against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). The market value increased at an average annual rate of +2.2% from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being observed over the period under review.

Consumption By Country in the EU

The countries with the highest volumes of preserved sweet corn consumption in 2018 were the UK (69K tonnes), France (67K tonnes) and Germany (66K tonnes), with a combined 59% share of total consumption. Spain, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Austria, Belgium and Romania lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 33%.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of preserved sweet corn consumption, amongst the main consuming countries, was attained by Italy, while preserved sweet corn consumption for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest preserved sweet corn markets in the European Union were the UK ($95M), France ($91M) and Germany ($82M), with a combined 58% share of the total market. Spain, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Austria, Belgium and Romania lagged somewhat behind, together comprising a further 34%.

The countries with the highest levels of preserved sweet corn per capita consumption in 2018 were Sweden (1,781 kg per 1000 persons), Denmark (1,267 kg per 1000 persons) and the UK (1,028 kg per 1000 persons).

Market Forecast 2019-2025 in the EU

Driven by increasing demand for preserved sweet corn in the European Union, the market is expected to continue an upward consumption trend over the next seven-year period. Market performance is forecast to retain its current trend pattern, expanding with an anticipated CAGR of +1.8% for the period from 2018 to 2025, which is projected to bring the market volume to 392K tonnes by the end of 2025.

Production in the EU

In 2018, the production of sweet corn prepared or preserved in the European Union stood at 369K tonnes, surging by 1.8% against the previous year. The total output volume increased at an average annual rate of +3.0% over the period from 2007 to 2018; however, the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2013 when production volume increased by 13% year-to-year. Over the period under review, preserved sweet corn production attained its maximum volume in 2018 and is expected to retain its growth in the near future.

Exports in the EU

In 2018, the preserved sweet corn exports in the European Union stood at 411K tonnes, rising by 13% against the previous year. The total export volume increased at an average annual rate of +2.9% from 2007 to 2018; however, the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. In value terms, preserved sweet corn exports amounted to $522M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Exports by Country

Hungary represented the major exporter of sweet corn prepared or preserved exported in the European Union, with the volume of exports finishing at 203K tonnes, which was near 49% of total exports in 2018. France (132K tonnes) occupied the second position in the ranking, distantly followed by Spain (26K tonnes) and Belgium (20K tonnes). All these countries together took approx. 43% share of total exports. Germany (10K tonnes) followed a long way behind the leaders.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Spain, while exports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Hungary ($228M), France ($171M) and Spain ($43M) were the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, with a combined 85% share of total exports.

Export Prices by Country

The preserved sweet corn export price in the European Union stood at $1,268 per tonne in 2018, remaining constant against the previous year. Over the period under review, the preserved sweet corn export price continues to indicate a slight reduction.

Prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest price was Belgium ($1,692 per tonne), while Hungary ($1,125 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Germany, while the other leaders experienced a decline in the export price figures.

Imports in the EU

In 2018, approx. 387K tonnes of sweet corn prepared or preserved were imported in the European Union; picking up by 13% against the previous year. The total import volume increased at an average annual rate of +2.3% from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations over the period under review. In value terms, preserved sweet corn imports amounted to $510M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Imports by Country

The imports of the three major importers of sweet corn prepared or preserved, namely Germany, the UK and Spain, represented more than half of total import. France (32K tonnes) occupied the next position in the ranking, followed by Belgium (26K tonnes), Italy (24K tonnes), the Netherlands (19K tonnes), Sweden (18K tonnes) and Poland (18K tonnes). All these countries together occupied near 35% share of total imports. Denmark (7,702 tonnes) followed a long way behind the leaders.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by the Netherlands, while imports for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest preserved sweet corn importing markets in the European Union were the UK ($97M), Germany ($94M) and Spain ($68M), together accounting for 51% of total imports. These countries were followed by Belgium, Italy, France, Sweden, the Netherlands, Poland and Denmark, which together accounted for a further 38%.

Import Prices by Country

The preserved sweet corn import price in the European Union stood at $1,318 per tonne in 2018, rising by 3.4% against the previous year. Overall, the preserved sweet corn import price, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. Over the period under review, the import prices for sweet corn prepared or preserved attained their peak figure at $1,525 per tonne in 2013; however, from 2014 to 2018, import prices remained at a lower figure.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Sweden ($1,624 per tonne), while France ($1,017 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Sweden, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

portugal

Portugal and Italy Remain the Largest Carob Markets Worldwide

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘World – Carob – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The global carob market revenue amounted to $111M in 2018. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). Overall, carob consumption, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. Over the period under review, the global carob market reached its maximum level at $116M in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2018, consumption failed to regain its momentum.

Consumption By Country

The countries with the highest volumes of carob consumption in 2018 were Portugal (38K tonnes), Italy (34K tonnes) and Turkey (14K tonnes), with a combined 60% share of global consumption.

From 2012 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of carob consumption, amongst the main consuming countries, was attained by Portugal, while carob consumption for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Italy ($34M) led the market, alone. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Spain ($14M). It was followed by Portugal.

The countries with the highest levels of carob per capita consumption in 2018 were Portugal (3,679 kg per 1000 persons), Cyprus (2,688 kg per 1000 persons) and Greece (1,121 kg per 1000 persons).

Market Forecast 2019-2025

Driven by increasing demand for carob, the market is expected to continue an upward consumption trend over the next seven-year period. Market performance is forecast to retain its current trend pattern, expanding with an anticipated CAGR of +0.8% for the seven-year period from 2018 to 2025, which is projected to bring the market volume to 152K tonnes by the end of 2025.

Production 2007-2018

In 2018, the global carob production stood at 165K tonnes, increasing by 1.8% against the previous year. The total output volume increased at an average annual rate of +1.7% over the period from 2012 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations over the period under review. In 2014, global carob production attained its peak volume of 191K tonnes, thanks to the high yields in Portugal, which remains major carob producer. From 2015 to 2018, global carob production growth, however, remained at a somewhat lower figure. The general positive trend in terms of carob output was largely conditioned by a modest expansion of the harvested area and a temperate increase in yield figures.

Production By Country

The countries with the highest volumes of carob production in 2018 were Portugal (43K tonnes), Italy (29K tonnes) and Spain (23K tonnes), together accounting for 58% of global production. Morocco, Turkey, Greece and Algeria lagged somewhat behind, together accounting for a further 35%.

Harvested Area 2007-2018

In 2018, approx. 42K ha of carob were harvested worldwide; therefore, remained relatively stable against the previous year. In general, the carob harvested area, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2017 with an increase of 1.6% against the previous year. The global carob harvested area peaked at 43K ha in 2012; however, from 2013 to 2018, harvested area stood at a somewhat lower figure.

Yield 2007-2018

In 2018, the global average carob yield stood at 4 tonne per ha, jumping by 1.5% against the previous year. The yield figure increased at an average annual rate of +2.1% over the period from 2012 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being observed in certain years.

Exports 2007-2018

In 2018, the amount of carob exported worldwide totaled 56K tonnes, picking up by 11% against the previous year. The total export volume increased at an average annual rate of +5.9% from 2012 to 2018; however, the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The global exports peaked in 2018 and are expected to retain its growth in the near future. In value terms, carob exports amounted to $27M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Exports by Country

In 2018, Morocco (20K tonnes) and Spain (15K tonnes) represented the main exporters of carob in the world, together amounting to near 63% of total exports. It was distantly followed by Algeria (7,538 tonnes) and Portugal (5,452 tonnes), together comprising a 23% share of total exports. Cyprus (2,348 tonnes), Turkey (1,487 tonnes) and Italy (1,121 tonnes) followed a long way behind the leaders.

From 2012 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Morocco, while exports for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Morocco ($6.7M), Spain ($6.2M) and Algeria ($4.4M) appeared to be the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, together accounting for 65% of global exports.

Export Prices by Country

In 2018, the average carob export price amounted to $474 per tonne, waning by -3.6% against the previous year. In general, the carob export price, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. Over the period under review, the average export prices for carob attained their maximum at $572 per tonne in 2016; however, from 2017 to 2018, export prices stood at a somewhat lower figure.

Prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest price was Italy ($1,126 per tonne), while Morocco ($332 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2012 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Italy, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Imports 2007-2018

In 2018, the amount of carob imported worldwide totaled 34K tonnes, picking up by 3.4% against the previous year. The total import volume increased at an average annual rate of +1.4% over the period from 2012 to 2018; however, the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded over the period under review. In value terms, carob imports amounted to $29M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Imports by Country

In 2018, Italy (6.5K tonnes), distantly followed by Switzerland (3,758 tonnes), Thailand (3,343 tonnes), Egypt (2,530 tonnes), Belgium (2,349 tonnes), Spain (2,018 tonnes), France (1,909 tonnes), the U.S. (1,837 tonnes), the Czech Republic (1,608 tonnes) and Germany (1,556 tonnes) were the main importers of carob, together comprising 80% of total imports.

From 2012 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by the U.S., while imports for the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Switzerland ($9.9M) constitutes the largest market for imported carob worldwide, comprising 34% of global imports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Spain ($3.9M), with a 14% share of global imports. It was followed by Italy, with a 9.7% share.

Import Prices by Country

The average carob import price stood at $844 per tonne in 2018, going up by 15% against the previous year. Over the period from 2012 to 2018, it increased at an average annual rate of +2.7%.  The global import price peaked in 2018 and is likely to see steady growth in the immediate term.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Switzerland ($2,644 per tonne), while France ($357 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2012 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Spain, while the other global leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

mango

Long-Term Growth of Mango And Mangosteen Market in the U.S. Is Losing Momentum

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘U.S. – Mangoes, Mangosteens And Guavas – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the mango and mangosteen market in the U.S. amounted to $558M in 2018. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). Over the period under review, mango and mangosteen consumption continues to indicate a strong increase. Over the period under review, the mango and mangosteen market attained its peak figure level in 2018 and is expected to retain its growth in the near future.

Market Forecast 2019-2025 in the U.S.

Driven by increasing demand for mango and mangosteen in the U.S., largely supported by rising Hispanic population, the market is expected to continue an upward consumption trend over the next seven years. Market performance is forecast to decelerate, expanding with an anticipated CAGR of +2.9% for the seven-year period from 2018 to 2025, which is projected to bring the market volume to 579K tonnes by the end of 2025.

Production in the U.S.

Mango and mangosteen production in the U.S. amounted to 930 tonnes in 2018, declining by -7.5% against the previous year. Overall, mango and mangosteen production continues to indicate an abrupt contraction, as mangoes are not cultivated largely across the U.S., and mango imports are widely available.

Harvested Area And Yield in the U.S.

In 2018, the total area harvested in terms of mangoes, mangosteens and guavas production in the U.S. stood at 53 ha, falling by -18.5% against the previous year. Average yield of mangoes, mangosteens and guavas in the U.S. amounted to 18 tonne per ha in 2018, jumping by 13% against the previous year.

Exports from the U.S.

In 2018, the mango and mangosteen exports from the U.S. stood at 27K tonnes, declining by -4.7% against the previous year. Overall, mango and mangosteen exports, however, continue to indicate a buoyant expansion. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2011 when exports increased by 35% y-o-y. Exports peaked at 31K tonnes in 2015; however, from 2016 to 2018, exports failed to regain their momentum. In value terms, mango and mangosteen exports totaled $40M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Exports by Country

Canada (15K tonnes) was the main destination for mango and mangosteen exports from the U.S., accounting for a 55% share of total exports. Moreover, mango and mangosteen exports to Canada exceeded the volume sent to the second major destination, the UK (2.4K tonnes), sixfold. The third position in this ranking was occupied by Germany (2.4K tonnes), with a 8.8% share.

From 2007 to 2018, the average annual growth rate of volume to Canada amounted to +7.4%. Exports to the other major destinations recorded the following average annual rates of exports growth: the UK (+2.4% per year) and Germany (+11.3% per year).

In value terms, Canada ($21M) remains the key foreign market for mango and mangosteen exports from the U.S., comprising 53% of total mango and mangosteen exports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Germany ($5.3M), with a 13% share of total exports. It was followed by Mexico, with a 7.6% share.

Export Prices by Country

The average mango and mangosteen export price stood at $1,502 per tonne in 2018, increasing by 2.5% against the previous year. Over the last eleven years, it increased at an average annual rate of +2.1%. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2017 an increase of 14% year-to-year. The export price peaked in 2018 and is likely to continue its growth in the immediate term.

There were significant differences in the average prices for the major foreign markets. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Germany ($2,259 per tonne), while the average price for exports to the UK ($1,140 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was recorded for supplies to Germany, while the prices for the other major destinations experienced more modest paces of growth.

Imports into the U.S.

In 2018, the mango and mangosteen imports into the U.S. stood at 500K tonnes, stabilizing at the previous year. Over the period under review, the total imports indicated a prominent increase from 2007 to 2018: its volume increased at an average annual rate of +4.6% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Imports peaked in 2018 and are expected to retain its growth in the near future. In value terms, mango and mangosteen imports amounted to $637M (IndexBox estimates) in 2018.

Imports by Country

In 2018, Mexico (311K tonnes) constituted the largest mango and mangosteen supplier to the U.S., with a 62% share of total imports. Moreover, mango and mangosteen imports from Mexico exceeded the figures recorded by the second-largest supplier, Peru (50K tonnes), sixfold. Ecuador (49K tonnes) ranked third in terms of total imports with a 9.7% share.

From 2007 to 2018, the average annual rate of growth in terms of volume from Mexico stood at +5.4%. The remaining supplying countries recorded the following average annual rates of imports growth: Peru (+5.6% per year) and Ecuador (+4.7% per year).

In value terms, Mexico ($380M) constituted the largest supplier of mango and mangosteen to the U.S., comprising 60% of total mango and mangosteen imports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Peru ($61M), with a 9.5% share of total imports. It was followed by the Philippines, with a 7% share.

Import Prices by Country

The average mango and mangosteen import price stood at $1,273 per tonne in 2018, going up by 17% against the previous year. In general, the mango and mangosteen import price continues to indicate perceptible growth.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major supplying countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Thailand ($2,892 per tonne), while the price for Ecuador ($862 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Mexico, while the prices for the other major suppliers experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

frozen crustacean

The Growth Of Frozen Crustaceans Market in the EU Slowed Down

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘EU – Frozen Crustaceans – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the frozen crustaceans market in the European Union amounted to $7.3B in 2018, remaining stable against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). The market value increased at an average annual rate of +1.8% from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being observed throughout the analyzed period. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2014 with an increase of 12% y-o-y. In that year, the frozen crustaceans market reached its peak level of $7.3B. From 2015 to 2018, the growth of the frozen crustaceans market practically regained its momentum.

Consumption By Country

The countries with the highest volumes of frozen crustaceans consumption in 2018 were Germany (214K tonnes), Spain (172K tonnes) and France (104K tonnes), with a combined 58% share of total consumption. These countries were followed by Italy, Poland, the UK and the Netherlands, which together accounted for a further 29%.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of frozen crustaceans consumption, amongst the main consuming countries, was attained by the UK, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Germany ($1.8B), Spain ($1.3B) and France ($927M) constituted the countries with the highest levels of market value in 2018, together comprising 56% of the total market.

The countries with the highest levels of frozen crustaceans per capita consumption in 2018 were Spain (3,692 kg per 1000 persons), Germany (2,611 kg per 1000 persons) and the Netherlands (2,511 kg per 1000 persons).

Production in the EU

In 2018, the frozen crustaceans production in the European Union amounted to 435K tonnes, jumping by 3.5% against the previous year. Overall, frozen crustaceans production, however, continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern.

Production By Country

Germany (188K tonnes) constituted the country with the largest volume of frozen crustaceans production, comprising approx. 43% of total production. Moreover, frozen crustaceans production in Germany exceeded the figures recorded by the region’s second-largest producer, Poland (65K tonnes), threefold. Spain (39K tonnes) ranked third in terms of total production with a 9% share.

In Germany, frozen crustaceans production remained relatively stable over the period from 2007-2018. The remaining producing countries recorded the following average annual rates of production growth: Poland (+0.1% per year) and Spain (-1.5% per year).

Exports in the EU

In 2018, the amount of frozen crustaceans exported in the European Union stood at 261K tonnes, picking up by 6.8% against the previous year. Over the period under review, frozen crustaceans exports, however, continue to indicate a slight descent.

In value terms, frozen crustaceans exports amounted to $2.3B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total export value increased at an average annual rate of +1.5% from 2007 to 2018; the trend pattern remained consistent, with somewhat noticeable fluctuations being recorded over the period under review. Over the period under review, frozen crustaceans exports attained their peak figure in 2018 and are expected to retain its growth in the immediate term.

Exports by Country

The exports of the four major exporters of frozen crustaceans, namely Denmark, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands, represented more than two-thirds of total export. The UK (23K tonnes) occupied the next position in the ranking, followed by France (13K tonnes). All these countries together took near 14% share of total exports. Ireland (11K tonnes) took a relatively small share of total exports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Spain, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Denmark ($434M), Spain ($418M) and the Netherlands ($373M) constituted the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, together accounting for 52% of total exports.

Export Prices by Country

The frozen crustaceans export price in the European Union stood at $8,976 per tonne in 2018, declining by -3.9% against the previous year. Over the last decade, it increased at an average annual rate of +2.6%. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2011 when the export price increased by 17% year-to-year. The level of export price peaked at $9,340 per tonne in 2017, and then declined slightly in the following year.

Prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest price was France ($11,146 per tonne), while Belgium ($7,334 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Denmark, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Imports in the EU

In 2018, the frozen crustaceans imports in the European Union totaled 674K tonnes, growing by 2.5% against the previous year. Over the period under review, frozen crustaceans imports, however, continue to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. In value terms, frozen crustaceans imports stood at $6B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total import value increased at an average annual rate of +2.3% over the period from 2007 to 2018.

Imports by Country

In 2018, Spain (177K tonnes), distantly followed by France (112K tonnes), Italy (87K tonnes), Belgium (53K tonnes), the Netherlands (48K tonnes), the UK (48K tonnes), Germany (36K tonnes) and Portugal (32K tonnes) were the major importers of frozen crustaceans, together comprising 88% of total imports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by the Netherlands, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, Spain ($1.4B), France ($1B) and Italy ($737M) were the countries with the highest levels of imports in 2018, with a combined 52% share of total imports. These countries were followed by Belgium, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Portugal, which together accounted for a further 37%.

Import Prices by Country

In 2018, the frozen crustaceans import price in the European Union amounted to $8,975 per tonne, approximately equating the previous year. Over the last eleven-year period, it increased at an average annual rate of +2.6%. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2014 when the import price increased by 16% against the previous year. In that year, the import prices for frozen crustaceans reached their peak level of $9,037 per tonne. From 2015 to 2018, the growth in terms of the import prices for frozen crustaceans remained at a lower figure.

Prices varied noticeably by the country of destination; the country with the highest price was Belgium ($11,996 per tonne), while Spain ($7,794 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Belgium, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

fresh chicken market

European Fresh Chicken Cut Market – Output Doubled over the Last Decade

IndexBox has just published a new report: ‘EU – Fresh Or Chilled Cuts Of Chicken – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights’. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the fresh chicken cut market in the European Union is estimated at $18B in 2018. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). The total market indicated a buoyant increase from 2007 to 2018: its value increased at an average annual rate of +7.1% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period.

Based on 2018 figures, fresh chicken cut consumption increased by +15.2% against 2015 indices. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2011 with an increase of 14% year-to-year. The level of fresh chicken cut consumption peaked in 2018 and is expected to retain its growth in the near future.

Consumption By Country in the EU

The countries with the highest volumes of fresh chicken cut consumption in 2018 were the Netherlands (1.1M tonnes), Poland (947K tonnes) and the UK (911K tonnes), with a combined 45% share of total consumption.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of fresh chicken cut consumption, amongst the main consuming countries, was attained by the Netherlands, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the UK ($3.7B), the Netherlands ($2.6B) and France ($2.2B) constituted the countries with the highest levels of market value in 2018, together accounting for 47% of the total market.

In 2018, the highest levels of fresh chicken cut per capita consumption was registered in the Netherlands (64 kg per person), followed by Poland (25 kg per person), the UK (14 kg per person) and Spain (11 kg per person), while the world average per capita consumption of fresh chicken cut was estimated at 13 kg per person.

From 2007 to 2018, the average annual rate of growth in terms of the fresh chicken cut per capita consumption in the Netherlands stood at +13.8%. The remaining consuming countries recorded the following average annual rates of per capita consumption growth: Poland (+10.1% per year) and the UK (+2.4% per year).

Production in the EU

The fresh chicken cut production totaled 6.8M tonnes in 2018, growing by 7.8% against the previous year. The total output indicated a prominent expansion from 2007 to 2018: its volume increased at an average annual rate of +7.0% over the last eleven years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2018 figures, fresh chicken cut production increased by +110.1% against 2007 indices. The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2016 with an increase of 13% y-o-y. The volume of fresh chicken cut production peaked in 2018 and is likely to continue its growth in the near future.

In value terms, fresh chicken cut production amounted to $17.2B in 2018 estimated in export prices. The total output value increased at an average annual rate of +4.1% from 2007 to 2018; however, the trend pattern indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded in certain years. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2011 with an increase of 18% against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut production reached its maximum level in 2018 and is likely to continue its growth in the near future.

Production By Country in the EU

The countries with the highest volumes of fresh chicken cut production in 2018 were Poland (1.4M tonnes), the Netherlands (1.3M tonnes) and the UK (835K tonnes), together comprising 51% of total production.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of fresh chicken cut production, amongst the main producing countries, was attained by Poland, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Exports in the EU

In 2018, approx. 1.9M tonnes of fresh or chilled cuts of chicken were exported in the European Union; rising by 4% against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut exports continue to indicate a buoyant increase. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2011 with an increase of 25% against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut exports reached their maximum in 2018 and are likely to continue its growth in the near future.

In value terms, fresh chicken cut exports totaled $4.6B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total exports indicated prominent growth from 2007 to 2018: its value increased at an average annual rate of +8.2% over the last eleven-year period. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2018 figures, fresh chicken cut exports increased by +20.5% against 2014 indices. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2011 when exports increased by 25% against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut exports reached their maximum in 2018 and are expected to retain its growth in the immediate term.

Exports by Country

The Netherlands (542K tonnes), Poland (430K tonnes) and Belgium (292K tonnes) represented roughly 67% of total exports of fresh or chilled cuts of chicken in 2018. Germany (167K tonnes) held an 8.9% share (based on tonnes) of total exports, which put it in second place, followed by the UK (7%). The following exporters – France (53K tonnes) and Spain (40K tonnes) – together made up 4.9% of total exports.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of exports, amongst the main exporting countries, was attained by Poland, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the Netherlands ($1.4B), Poland ($1.2B) and Belgium ($637M) constituted the countries with the highest levels of exports in 2018, with a combined 69% share of total exports.

Among the main exporting countries, Poland experienced the highest growth rate of exports, over the last eleven-year period, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Export Prices by Country

In 2018, the fresh chicken cut export price in the European Union amounted to $2,466 per tonne, surging by 11% against the previous year. In general, the fresh chicken cut export price, however, continues to indicate a mild downturn. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2018 an increase of 11% against the previous year. The level of export price peaked at $3,023 per tonne in 2008; however, from 2009 to 2018, export prices remained at a lower figure.

Prices varied noticeably by the country of origin; the country with the highest price was France ($2,819 per tonne), while the UK ($780 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Spain, while the other leaders experienced a decline in the export price figures.

Imports in the EU

In 2018, approx. 1.6M tonnes of fresh or chilled cuts of chicken were imported in the European Union; jumping by 4.9% against the previous year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut imports continue to indicate buoyant growth. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2009 with an increase of 23% year-to-year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut imports reached their maximum in 2018 and are likely to continue its growth in the immediate term.

In value terms, fresh chicken cut imports amounted to $4.1B (IndexBox estimates) in 2018. The total imports indicated buoyant growth from 2007 to 2018: its value increased at an average annual rate of +9.2% over the last eleven-year period. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2018 figures, fresh chicken cut imports increased by +29.5% against 2015 indices. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2011 when imports increased by 31% year-to-year. Over the period under review, fresh chicken cut imports reached their maximum in 2018 and are likely to see steady growth in the near future.

Imports by Country

In 2018, Germany (319K tonnes) and the Netherlands (316K tonnes) were the largest importers of fresh or chilled cuts of chicken in the European Union, together accounting for approx. 39% of total imports. It was followed by France (210K tonnes), the UK (207K tonnes) and Belgium (143K tonnes), together comprising a 34% share of total imports. Ireland (46K tonnes), the Czech Republic (45K tonnes), Hungary (43K tonnes), Slovakia (30K tonnes), Bulgaria (28K tonnes), Austria (26K tonnes) and Greece (25K tonnes) followed a long way behind the leaders.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by Bulgaria, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the largest fresh chicken cut importing markets in the European Union were Germany ($762M), the UK ($743M) and France ($641M), together comprising 53% of total imports. The Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, Slovakia, Greece and Bulgaria lagged somewhat behind, together comprising a further 36%.

Among the main importing countries, Bulgaria experienced the highest rates of growth with regard to imports, over the last eleven-year period, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Import Prices by Country

The fresh chicken cut import price in the European Union stood at $2,498 per tonne in 2018, jumping by 10% against the previous year. In general, the fresh chicken cut import price, however, continues to indicate a slight setback. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2010 an increase of 11% y-o-y. The level of import price peaked at $3,092 per tonne in 2007; however, from 2008 to 2018, import prices failed to regain their momentum.

There were significant differences in the average prices amongst the major importing countries. In 2018, the country with the highest price was Ireland ($4,079 per tonne), while Bulgaria ($1,517 per tonne) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2018, the most notable rate of growth in terms of prices was attained by Hungary, while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform

dairy

Dairy Spread Market in the EU – Key Insights

IndexBox has just published a new report, the EU – Dairy Spreads – Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends And Insights. Here is a summary of the report’s key findings.

The revenue of the dairy spread market in the European Union amounted to $827M in 2017, surging by 18% against the previous year. This figure reflects the total revenues of producers and importers (excluding logistics costs, retail marketing costs, and retailers’ margins, which will be included in the final consumer price). The market value increased at an average annual rate of +1.9% from 2007 to 2017; the trend pattern remained relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations being recorded over the period under review. The pace of growth was the most pronounced in 2017, when it surged by 18% y-o-y. In that year, the dairy spread market attained its peak level, and is likely to continue its growth in the immediate term.

Production in the EU

In 2017, approx. 200K tonnes of dairy spreads were produced in the European Union; increasing by 9.1% against the previous year. The dairy spread production continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern.

Dairy Spread Exports

Exports in the EU

In 2017, exports of dairy spreads in the European Union stood at 31K tonnes, flattening at the previous year. The dairy spread exports continue to indicate a perceptible curtailment.

In value terms, dairy spread exports stood at $138M (IndexBox estimates) in 2017. The dairy spread exports continue to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern. In that year, dairy spread exports reached their peak of $204M. From 2009 to 2017, the growth of dairy spread exports remained at a somewhat lower figure.

Exports by Country

Belgium was the main exporting countries with an export of about 9.5K tonnes, which amounted to 31% of total exports. Poland (4.5K tonnes) ranks second in terms of the global exports with a 15% share, followed by the UK (9.2%), Germany (8.4%), France (8.2%), Ireland (8%), Croatia (6.7%) and the Netherlands (4.8%).

Exports from Belgium decreased at an average annual rate of -2.0% from 2007 to 2017. At the same time, Poland (+31.2%), Croatia (+13.1%), the Netherlands (+5.5%) and France (+5.1%) displayed positive paces of growth. Moreover, Poland emerged as the fastest growing exporter in the European Union, with a CAGR of +31.2% from 2007-2017. Germany experienced a relatively flat trend pattern. By contrast, Ireland (-4.7%) and the UK (-17.2%) illustrated a downward trend over the same period. From 2007 to 2017, the share of the UK, Belgium and Ireland increased by 52%, 7.1% and 5% percentage points, while the Netherlands (-2%), France (-3.2%), Croatia (-4.8%) and Poland (-13.7%) saw their share reduced. The shares of the other countries remained relatively stable throughout the analyzed period.

In value terms, Belgium ($47M) remains the largest dairy spread supplier in the European Union, comprising 34% of global exports. The second position in the ranking was occupied by Germany ($17M), with a 12% share of global exports. It was followed by Poland, with a 9.3% share.

Export Prices by Country

The dairy spread export price in the European Union stood at $4.5 per kg in 2017, going up by 26% against the previous year. Over the period from 2007 to 2017, it increased at an average annual rate of +3.7%.

There were significant differences in the average export prices amongst the major exporting countries. In 2017, the country with the highest export price was Germany ($6.5 per kg), while the UK ($2.6 per kg) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2017, the most notable rate of growth in terms of export prices was attained by the Netherlands (+4.9% per year), while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Dairy Spread Imports

Imports in the EU

The imports totaled 31K tonnes in 2017, waning by -30.2% against the previous year. The dairy spread imports continue to indicate an abrupt decrease. The growth pace was the most rapid in 2015, when the imports increased by 18% against the previous year. In that year, dairy spread imports reached their peak of 54K tonnes. From 2016 to 2017, the growth of dairy spread imports failed to regain its momentum.

In value terms, dairy spread imports amounted to $120M (IndexBox estimates) in 2017. The dairy spread imports continue to indicate a slight contraction. Over the period under review, dairy spread imports attained their maximum at $167M in 2014; however, from 2015 to 2017, imports remained at a lower figure.

Imports by Country

In 2017, the UK (7.1K tonnes), distantly followed by Germany (4.6K tonnes), France (2.6K tonnes), Portugal (2.6K tonnes), Slovakia (2.1K tonnes), the Netherlands (1.7K tonnes), Spain (1.5K tonnes) and the Czech Republic (1.4K tonnes) represented the main importers of dairy spreads, together mixed up 77% of total imports. The following importers – Greece (1.3K tonnes), Belgium (1.1K tonnes), Austria (726 tonnes) and Romania (651 tonnes) together made up 12% of total imports.

From 2007 to 2017, the most notable rate of growth in terms of imports, amongst the main importing countries, was attained by the Netherlands (+43.7% per year), while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

In value terms, the UK ($28M), Germany ($17M) and France ($13M) constituted the countries with the highest levels of imports in 2017, with a combined 48% share of total imports. These countries were followed by Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Austria, Slovakia, Greece, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Romania, which together accounted for a further 41%.

Import Prices by Country

In 2017, the dairy spread import price in the European Union amounted to $3.9 per kg, picking up by 15% against the previous year. Over the last decade, it increased at an average annual rate of +3.6%.

Import prices varied noticeably by the country of destination; the country with the highest import price was Austria ($7.3 per kg), while the Netherlands ($2.2 per kg) was amongst the lowest.

From 2007 to 2017, the most notable rate of growth in terms of import prices was attained by France (+9.2% per year), while the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth.

Source: IndexBox AI Platform