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Revolutionizing Material Handling: The Impact of 5G on AGVs and AMRs in Logistics Automation

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Global Logistics, Global Trade Daily, News, Technology

Revolutionizing Material Handling: The Impact of 5G on AGVs and AMRs in Logistics Automation

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In warehouses and factories globally, the landscape of material handling is evolving with the advent of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs). Kollmorgen, a leader in automated vehicle solutions, has been at the forefront for over 50 years, and their NDC platform, utilized by over 90 AGV and AMR manufacturers worldwide, has been instrumental in streamlining logistics automation.

The emergence of 5G technology is set to usher in a new era of connectivity and performance for AGVs and AMRs. The collaboration between Ericsson Private 5G and Kollmorgen’s NDC Solutions offers numerous advantages, enhancing the efficiency of manufacturers and warehouses.

Key Benefits of 5G for AGVs and AMRs:

1. Strong, Stable, and Secure Connectivity: Tested on Ericsson Private 5G, Kollmorgen’s NDC Solutions provide seamless and reliable coverage, ensuring uninterrupted communication for fleets of AGVs and AMRs in large facilities.

2. Built to Scale: 5G’s scalability allows factories to expand their AGV fleets without concerns about network congestion, handling a large number of devices efficiently.

3. Predictable Performance and Latency: AGVs and AMRs can communicate swiftly and efficiently, even during heavy network use, thanks to 5G’s deterministic latency, ensuring smooth and predictable operations.

4. Traffic Prioritization: Ericsson Private 5G enables prioritization of specific communication types with Quality of Service (QoS), ensuring AGVs operate without interference from lower-priority applications.

5. Faster Data Transfer: With Ericsson Private 5G, AGV fleets benefit from faster data transfer speeds, lower latency, robustness, and improved reliability, potentially enhancing task efficiency.

Future Outlook with 5G-Enabled AGVs:

1. Increased Productivity: 5G empowers AGVs and AMRs to work faster and smarter, leading to heightened productivity in material handling operations.

2. Improved Efficiency: The reliability and stability of 5G networks reduce downtime, enhancing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of AGV operations.

3. Competitive Advantage: Staying competitive in the digital-driven economy is crucial, and 5G-powered AGVs and AMRs help businesses keep pace with technology trends, maintaining a competitive edge.

4. Better, Faster, Safer Operations: A facility controlling AGVs and AMRs using 5G achieves higher speeds and considers its environment more effectively, ensuring safer and more efficient operations.

The partnership between Ericsson and Kollmorgen, leveraging 5G technology and private networks, is reshaping the world of AGVs and AMRs in material handling. With enhanced connectivity, scalability, and predictability, these smart machines are set to perform tasks more efficiently than ever before. Embracing 5G-powered AGVs and AMRs positions manufacturers and warehouses to benefit from increased productivity, improved efficiency, and a competitive edge in the dynamic industrial landscape. As 5G technology continues to evolve, its critical role in driving innovation and transformation in material handling is undeniable.

global market network cell 5G communications networks will have logistics and supply chain applications, allowing users to more efficiently process shipments of export cargo and shipments of import cargo in international trade. RAN
Archives, Global Trade Daily, Market insight, Technology

The Global 5G RAN Market is Exhibiting Robust Growth Throughout the Anticipated Period

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The global demand for 5G RAN is expected to rise at a healthy CAGR of 28.7% during the years 2022 and 2032 to reach a net worth of US$ 34.2 billion in 2032.

5G RAN Market Cellular devices utilize radio waves in order to communicate. These devices convert the user’s voice and mobile data into digitalized signals sent as radio waves. Radio Access Networks (RANs) are implemented to ensure the proper functioning of cellular devices and connect them to networks or the Internet.

RANs utilize radio wave transceivers to connect the device to the cloud infrastructure. Most transceivers or base stations are in connection via fiber backhaul to the mobile core network. RANs provide radio communication access and assists coordinative network resources across all wireless devices.

Wireless devices connect to cellular networks via Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G New Radio (NR) connectivity. Silicon chips in the core networks and cellular mobile devices complement the functionalities of RAN.

RANs have evolved significantly over the past years as cellular networking technology reaches 5G. Today, 5G RAN technology has the ability to support Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (Massive MIMO) technology, multi-band carrier aggregation, vast spectrum bandwidths, and more.

5G RAN: Market Dynamics

Infrastructure has always been the top priority of countries with regard to strategic investments. The telecom sector is rapidly growing with governments making huge investments in IT infrastructure. National governments and public organizations are making huge investments in the betterment of national telecom infrastructures. This trend is estimated to propel the adoption of 5G RAN across every regional market.

Strategic investments in the telecom sector help governments harness the potential to create employment and drive the economic growth of countries. Ongoing advancements in 5G technology have great potential to transform the telecommunication industry vertical and enhance the user experience for end-users.

Many enterprises operating in the telecommunication industry across the globe are focusing on upgrading their existing networking infrastructure to 5G networking infrastructure. This will help such telecom service providers offer services with high performance and high-speed connectivity.

Thus, huge investments targeted at upgrading national telecom infrastructure is the key factor estimated to boost the adoption of 5G RAN technology during the forecast period.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak on 5G RAN Market

Rising infections across the globe are forcing national governments to declare nationwide lockdowns. These lockdowns are restricting the large-scale deployment of 5G technology on a global level. Deployment of 5G technology in key industry verticals, like Automotive, Transportation, and Logistics, was estimated to boost the adoption of 5G RAN solutions and services.

Lockdowns legislated by national governments to combat the spread of infections have restricted 5G deployment. Government and public sector and healthcare industry verticals are estimated to record a spike in adoption rates. However, the overall growth rate is estimated to carry on undeterred with consistent adoption of 4G LTE.

Regional overview

5G RAN markets in North America and Europe are leading all other regional markets on a global level. The strong market share may be attributed to the high presence of 5G technology solutions and service providers in the region.

Initiatives and investments deployed by government organizations are also propelling the adoption of 5G technology, thus driving the 5G RAN market. Advancements in 5G technology for automotive and smart transportation are playing a key role in propelling 5G RAN market growth in European economies like Germany and the U.K.

The 5G RAN market in the Southeast Asia Pacific region is projected to register a strong growth rate over the forecast period. 5G RAN markets in Latin America and the Middle East and Africa region will be slower to gain traction during the forecast period, as LTE Advanced technology is still gaining diffusion in those regional markets.

Competition Landscape

Some of the key vendors in the global 5G RAN market is Nokia; Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson; Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.; Verizon; ZTE Corporation; NEC Corporation; Cisco; Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.; SAMSUNG; Intel; and FUJITSU, among others.

The 5G RAN market report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative assessments by industry analysts, and inputs from industry experts and industry participants across the value chain.

The report provides an in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macroeconomic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness as per segment. The market report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.

global market network cell 5G communications networks will have logistics and supply chain applications, allowing users to more efficiently process shipments of export cargo and shipments of import cargo in international trade. RAN
Archives, Global Trade Daily, Technology

5G Testing Equipment Market Forecast to Surge at a Value CAGR of 26% from 2022-2032

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According to the latest report by Future Market Insights, the 5G testing equipment market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 26% from 2022 to 2032, reaching a value of US$ 16.5 billion. The industry’s estimated value as of 2021 was US$ 1.3 billion, and by 2022, it is anticipated to reach US$ 1.6 billion, representing a 23% Y-o-Y growth rate.

Evolution in area of network connectivity right from 2G, 3G, to 4G and now 5G, which is one of the latest network connectivity technology. Increasing smartphone penetration and other connected devices are fueling the need for using such connecting technologies and these are tested using 5G testing equipment.

For establishing a secured and most reliable 5G network the tests are constantly performed so that network operation failure is eliminated and 5G testing equipment is used for testing of such network issues. The providers of 5G testing equipment focus on innovations until the commencement of commercial deployment of 5G.

The 5G testing equipment providers have the potential opportunity to enter the 5G market and develop the most suitable and application-oriented 5G testing equipment products. Applications of 5G are expanding day by day due to IoT, connected devices, and also the availability of large data centers is making it easier to deploy 5G technology using 5G testing equipment.

The commercialization of 5G is estimated to begin in 2019 and this is a prime factor creating a potential opportunity for 5G testing equipment. Increasing penetration of 5G in areas including entertainment, automotive, construction, medical, security, and others are creating a need for using 5G testing equipment.

Constant research and development for making 5G testing equipment that is industry compliant and more application-oriented are expected to drive the 5G testing equipment market over the forecast period.

5G Testing Equipment Market: Drivers and Restraints

The emergence of a hyper-connected world is one of the prime factors which is expected to fuel the demand for 5G testing equipment. Increasing usage of connected devices in developing economies such as India, China, and others is creating data traffic in the network which is creating a need for establishing a secured and efficient network.

Hence, of the increasing need to control data traffic, the 5G technology is expected to witness a boom in demand which is ultimately driving demand for 5G testing equipment. Connectivity in different devices such as wearables, connected cars, smartphones, and other consumer electronics devices such as smart home devices will increase the demand for 5G testing equipment.

This factor is expected to be observed due to the high speed of 5G and the availability of wired and wireless technology making the connectivity process easier. High acceptance of 5G is expected due to the above-mentioned factors which are creating an increasing demand for 5G testing equipment.

On the other hand, the total cost involved in using 5G testing equipment for the establishment of a 5G network, and issues involved because of multiples carrier is some of the key challenges affecting the adoption of 5G testing equipment. Such factors ultimately hamper the adoption of 5G testing equipment and hence these are some of the challenges affecting the growth of the market.

Segmentation Based on Type

On the basis of type, the 5G testing equipment market is segmented into signal genes Being one of the latest and fast emerging technology 5G is expected to be an evolution in the area of network connectivity, to leverage this opportunity the 5G testing equipment providers are performing up-gradations in their devices.

This factor is expected to be one of the key strategies followed by 5G testing equipment providers. Some of the leading 5G testing equipment providers include MACOM, VIAVI Solutions, Anritsu, ROHDE&SCHWARZ, Keysight Technologies, LitePoint, and others. Raptor, signal analyzer, network analyzer, Oscilloscopes, and others.

Region-wise

  • North America region is one of the prominent markets for 5G testing equipment as this region has a strong presence of network service provider companies such as AT&T which are early adopters of 5G testing equipment. The research and development are constantly performed using 5G testing equipment in this region to integrate 5G in healthcare applications and smartphones to improve the performance of a network.
  • Europe is expected to follow the North American region in terms of demand for 5G technology and hence 5G testing equipment. This demand for 5G testing equipment in Europe is fuelled by increasing 5G testing activities in this region such as Vodafone announcing its plan to start up 1,000 5G testing sites in the UK in 2019.
  • Such increasing testing activities are driving the 5G testing equipment market growth significantly. APEJ region is expected to witness a significant CAGR growth rate due to the rapid penetration of IoT and connected devices in this region and this factor is creating a need for using 5G testing equipment for establishing a 5G network.
  • Japan is one of the early adopters of 5G testing equipment as the automotive manufacturers of this region are focusing on connected cars. For example, NTT DOCOMO and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation together achieved 25 to 27 Gbps download speed in the vehicles using a 5G network.

The report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative assessments by industry analysts, and inputs from industry experts and industry participants across the value chain. The report provides an in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macro-economic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness as per segment. The report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.

Competitive Analysis

Being one of the latest and fast emerging technology 5G is expected to be an evolution in the area of network connectivity, to leverage this opportunity the 5G testing equipment providers are performing up-gradations in their devices.

  • This factor is expected to be one of the key strategies followed by 5G testing equipment providers. Some of the leading 5G testing equipment providers include MACOM, VIAVI Solutions, Anritsu, ROHDE&SCHWARZ, Keysight Technologies, LitePoint, and others.
Archives, Global Trade Daily, International Trade

The World Moving Forward

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At the beginning of 2020, the world was upended with changes to its economics and social life by the arrival of COVID-19 – a virus that spread to countries like wild-fire that most were unprepared for. Fear and confusion led the way. Just like the early 2000s during the early stages of e-commerce, many of us stood still and watched certain industries use e-commerce to generate business and eat away at the expense of more traditional companies.

COVID-19 drastically changed the directions of normal activities. Social meetings, shopping habits, and business settings have now been reduced to online platforms. People are now forced to understand the role that internet technology will play in daily life.  Larger numbers of people working and shopping from home than ever before. There is so much difference in activities such as buying hot food or buying canned food from an online store. As a result, two key industries are expected to be extremely important aspects in supporting future daily life for many years to come: express last-mile delivery and logistics supply chain.

Express last-mile delivery has really been an important industry that we all have come to rely greatly upon lately. They deliver our hot-food order and all of our anticipated goods, sometimes even arriving at our front doors in less than an hour while the logistics business is taking a back doors approach in supplying a necessity to increase the productivity of many industries. Many independent logistics companies also help move a country’s raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished goods into the domestic and international markets. This industry plays a key role in increasing the competitive power of corporations and revitalizing improvements in a country’s economics scales. However, competition in the logistics industry is extremely high. For it to survive and provide better services, companies should seek to consolidate and migrate their data into a cloud computing platform service.

With the adaptations into a cloud logistics platform, the traditional logistics roles can begin to expand, minimizing office and operating expenses, and reducing business risks. Imagine the number of logistics companies who have committed blocks of space to transporters but end up being unable to fulfill 12-24 hours before departure or a shipper who is looking to move shipments on a weekend due to a critical shortage in one of their key customers.

There are high penalty prices to be absorbed by all parties when shipment capacity is unable to be fulfilled due to a lack of communication and coordination among the companies. These unnecessary risks and wastes of business opportunities can be minimized if the information was cleverly integrated-communicated-distributed to its partners in a cloud logistics platform.

New trade and logistics solutions running through a cloud platform have begun with 4 billion smartphone global users. The notion for a business to have only one dedicated trade or logistics partner serving them for many years will need to be re-adjusted in order to provide transparency and better monitoring systems. People and business communities are now demanding convenience in purchasing items from their comfortable homes rather than calling to place an order. We are surrounded by technological inventions all around, created for the benefit of people, to improve our life by increasing productivity and efficiency. With 5G not too far away at a connection 100 times speedier than 4G, our social and business lives will be impacted even furthermore.

Almost all businesses will eventually need to operate on a cloud technology platform to make operations and decision making much more efficient. When trade and logistics are blended into a cloud technology platform, magical moments will definitely happen, with industries moving together with the same interest, we are seeing new ways of getting the job done.

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Archives, Global Trade Daily, Software, Special Reports

Winter 2019 U.S.- China Cybersecurity Update

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It is difficult to accurately speculate on the progress of U.S.-China trade negotiations, as media reports on the status of key policy proposals seemingly differ each day depending on the transparency and messaging agenda of the sources involved. However, what has been certain during the winter of 2019 is that major updates to U.S. and Chinese cybersecurity regulations are in the process of being implemented, and these developments stand to set key precedents for the intersection of applicable foreign investment and cybersecurity regulations in the U.S. and China.  

Building on our previous two articles regarding U.S. economic espionage concerns and updated U.S. foreign investment restrictions, this article will provide an overview of notable cybersecurity legislative and investigative developments that will likely dictate the near future of critical facets of U.S.-China relations in the 21st century, including (1) the implementation of China’s revised cybersecurity legislation known as the Multi-Level Protection Scheme (“MLPS 2.0”); (2) the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) reported investigation into the popular social media app TikTok; and (3) the race to implement 5G infrastructure and ongoing speculation regarding Huawei’s licensing status.

1. Implementation of China’s Multi-Level Protection Scheme (MLPS 2.0)

In 2017, China implemented comprehensive cybersecurity legislation commonly referred to as China’s Cybersecurity Law (“CCL”) in efforts to consolidate authority over and standardize regulation of the internet and cyberspace. The CCL includes strict prohibitions on how companies, particularly U.S. and other foreign companies, can store data and interact online.  For example, the CCL requires that network operators in China cooperate with and provide support to government agencies in support of safeguarding national security, and additional provisions have been passed in recent years under the CCL that provide broad authorizations for law enforcement agencies to inspect and monitor internet service providers and computer network data centers. Foreign companies and human rights organizations have criticized the CCL as regressive legislation that fosters state censorship and surveillance and lacks sufficient privacy protections.

Article 21 of the CCL codified China’s requirements for network operators to implement a cybersecurity “multi-level protection system” that includes mandates to implement and adopt certain technical measures and security protocols to monitor and record network activity. Article 37 imposes certain data localization requirements and requires “critical information infrastructure” operators to store personal information and important data gathered or produced within the mainland territory of China.

On December 1, 2019, MLPS 2.0 will take effect, and will impact how U.S. companies and other foreign companies can do business online and store electronic data in China. A draft of the new regulations was first released in June 2018, and the revised MLPS 2.0 incorporates three information security technology standards that in effect will broaden the Chinese government’s authority, particularly that of the Ministry of Public Security, to proactively supervise, manage, and enforce cybersecurity regulations and restrictions on companies operating in China.

The expanded monitoring and enforcement authorities that MLPS 2.0 provides the Chinese government has provoked increasing privacy concerns for foreign firms, particularly those handling sensitive data. The regulations provide stringent mandates on how foreign companies must secure their networks, utilize local sever systems, and cooperate with government authorities. As the new law enters into effect on December 1, 2019, it will be critical for U.S. companies operating in China to understand how the new laws will impact their operations. Companies that store and utilize sensitive personal data, U.S.-regulated technology or technological data, or proprietary intellectual property and trade secrets will have to ensure compliance with both U.S. and Chinese regulations governing privacy, export controls, and cybersecurity regulations. 

2. CFIUS Takes on TikTok

We previously provided an overview of the updated CFIUS regulations concerning foreign investment restrictions scheduled to take effect in the U.S. in February 2020. However, that does not mean that CFIUS, the inter-agency committee tasked with the authority to review, modify and reject certain types of foreign investment that could adversely impact U.S. national security, is dormant in terms of its current investigations. In fact, on November 1, 2019, Reuters reported that CFIUS has launched a national security review of the popular social media and video-streaming app TikTok, related to the acquisition of social media app Musical.ly (since rebranded as “TikTok”) by Beijing ByteDance Technology Co. in 2017 for $1 billion. TikTok earlier this year said that approximately 60% of its 26.5 million monthly active users are located in the United States.

U.S. lawmakers first raised national security concerns related to the TikTok platform, particularly its Chinese parent company’s collection of user data and purported censorship of user content.  For example, Senators Chuck Schumer and Tom Cotton sent a bi-partisan letter to the Acting Director of National Intelligence in October voicing concerns over TikTok’s data collection practices, highlighting Chinese laws that “compel Chinese companies to support and cooperate with intelligence work controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.” While it is unclear what the outcome of this particular review will be, it puts a spotlight on the types of industries and practices that CFIUS is currently scrutinizing and provides a useful case study for what types of mitigating measures we may see imposed by the Committee down the road.

The updated CFIUS regulations set to take effect in February 2020 expressly expand the jurisdiction of CFIUS to include reviews of non-controlling foreign investments in companies that store and have access to sensitive personal data of U.S. citizens. But the CFIUS review into TikTok is only the latest investigation by the Committee into burgeoning technology apps that store sensitive personal data. CFIUS has previously targeted the proposed acquisition by the Chinese Kunlun Group of the U.S. dating application “Grindr” for data privacy concerns regarding its individual users, and similarly forced the Chinese digital healthcare company iCarbonX to divest from it its investment in the U.S. healthcare startup “PatientsLikeMe.” 

These recent cases ultimately show that CFIUS is increasingly focused on the protection of the sensitive personal data of U.S. citizens in emerging technological applications, particularly when Chinese investment is involved.  All U.S. companies considering foreign investment will have to take heed of the current and soon-to-be updated CFIUS regulations and increase their due diligence efforts, particularly where Chinese investment is concerned.

3. 5G Supremacy: Timeline on Huawei Restrictions and Licensing Still Unclear

Finally, a critical ongoing area of U.S.-China cybersecurity relations is the debate over the role that China’s telecommunications leader Huawei will have in developing and implementing global 5G technology and data networks. Huawei was placed on the U.S. Department of Commerce “Entity List” over national security concerns in May 2019, which restricts U.S. companies from doing business with it, and a licensing regime was put into place for U.S. companies that seek to engage with Huawei and certain of its subsidiaries. While no such licenses have been issued to date, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross recently indicated that at least some of the 260 license applications their office has received will be granted and issued shortly.  

U.S. critics believe that allowing Huawei to take the lead on 5G and similar data network equipment will potentially give the Chinese government the ability to collect data of the users of Huawei products. However, Huawei is a global leader in 5G technology, and despite pressure from the U.S. government, countries like Germany, Hungary, and Norway have decided against banning Huawei from their 5G networks. The inherent difficulties and concerns in having the global leader in 5G technology also be closely connected to the Chinese government is an issue that every country seeking to develop 5G infrastructure will have to address, and will likely be a focal point in the U.S.-China trade war as well as in global cybersecurity relations for years to come. 

If you have any questions about U.S.-China trade relations as it relates to CFIUS, cybersecurity regulatory compliance, or U.S.-imposed licensing restrictions, please contact a member of Baker Donelson’s Global Business Team below.

____________________________________________________________________
Joe D. Whitley is a shareholder at Baker Donelson and chairs the Firm’s Government Enforcement and Investigations Group. He can be reached at jwhitley@bakerdonelson.com. 

Alan Enslen is a shareholder with Baker Donelson and leads the International Trade and National Security Practice and is a member of the Global Business Team. He can be reached at aenslen@bakerdonelson.com. 

Julius Bodie is an associate with Baker Donelson who assists U.S. and foreign companies across multiple industries with international trade regulatory issues. He can be reached at jbodie@bakerdonelson.com. 

Frank Xue is an associate with Baker Donelson who assists Chinese clients with matters in the U.S. related to foreign direct investments, mergers and acquisitions, and private equity/venture capital. He can be reached at fxue@bakerdonelson.com. 

_______________________________________________________________________

1. CCL Translation: “Cyber-security Law of the People’s Republic of China,” Dezan Shira and Associates. https://www.dezshira.com/library/legal/cyber-security-law-china-8013.html.

2. CCL Article 9; see also Laney Zhang, China: New Regulation on Police Cybersecurity Supervision and Inspection Powers Issued, Library of Congress (November 13, 2018) (discussing Measures of Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by the Public Security Organs, (Sept. 15, 2018, effective Nov. 1, 2018)) https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/china-new-regulation-on-police-cybersecurity-supervision-and-inspection-powers-issued/.

3. See, e.g., China: Abusive Cybersecurity Law Set to be Passed, Human Rights Watch (November 6, 2016) https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/06/china-abusive-cybersecurity-law-set-be-passed; China adopts cyber security law in face of overseas opposition, Reuters (November 6, 2016) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-cyber-idUSKBN132049.

4. Draft Cybersecurity Classified Protection Regulations, China Ministry of Public Security (June 27, 2018) http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254536/n4904355/c6159136/content.html?from=timeline&isappinstalled=0.

5. See, e.g. Simone McCarthy, Will China’s revised cybersecurity rules put foreign firms at risk of losing their secrets?, South China Morning Post (October 13, 2019) https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3032649/will-chinas-revised-cybersecurity-law-put-foreign-firms-risk.

6. Greg Roumeliotis, Yingzhi Yang, Echo Wang, Alexandra Alper, Exclusive: U.S. opens national security investigation into TikTok, Reuters (November 1, 2019) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tiktok-cfius-exclusive/exclusive-u-s-opens-national-security-investigation-into-tiktok-sources-idUSKBN1XB4IL.

7. Reuters,  How TikTok, Caught in U.S. Regulatory Crossfire, Rose to Global Video Stardom, The New York Times (November 4, 2019) https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/04/business/04reuters-tiktok-cfius-factbox.html.

8. See, e.g. Senator Marco Rubio Letter to Secretary of Treasury Steven Mnuchin https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/9ba023e4-2f4b-404a-a8c0 e87ea784f440/FCEFFE1F54F3899795B4E5F1F1804630.20191009-letter-to-secretary-mnuchin-re-tiktok.pdf

9. Senators Charles E. Schumer and Tom Cotton Senate Letter (October 23, 2019) https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/10232019%20TikTok%20Letter%20-%20FINAL%20PDF.pdf.

10. See, e.g., Christiana Farr and Ari Levy, The Trump administration is forcing this health start-up that took Chinese money into a fire sale, CNBC (April 4,  2019) https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/cfius-forces-patientslikeme-into-fire-sale-booting-chinese-investor.html; Echo Wang, China’s Kunlun Tech agrees to U.S. demand to sell Grindr gay dating app, Reuters (May 13, 2019) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-grindr-m-a-beijingkunlun/chinas-kunlun-tech-agrees-to-u-s-demand-to-sell-grindr-gay-dating-app-idUSKCN1SJ28N.

11. Huawei Entity List and Temporary General License Frequently Asked Questions, Department of Commerce (September 18, 2019) https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/pdfs/2447-huawei-entity-listing-faqs/file

12. Philip Heijmans and Haslinda Amin, Ross Optimistic on China Deal, Trump Wants It Signed in U.S., Bloomberg (November 3, 2019) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-03/ross-optimistic-on-china-trade-deal-says-huawei-licenses-coming?srnd=premium.

13. See, e.g., Associated Press, Hungary Says Huawei to Help Build Its 5G Wireless Network, New York Times (November 5, 2019) https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/11/05/business/bc-eu-hungary-huawei.html; Chloe Taylor, Germany set to allow Huawei into 5G networks, defying pressure from the US, CNBC (October 16, 2019) https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/16/germany-to-allow-huawei-into-5g-networks-defying-pressure-from-the-us.html.